Table 2.

Chemical composition of coriander seed and leaf oil along with its biological significance.

Constituent	Concentration (%)		Function	References
	Seed	Leaf
Linalool	40.9−79.9	0–13	Antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, antioxidant properties	[30,31]
Geraniol	0.5–3.0	-	Insecticidal and repellent properties	[32]
Terpinen-4-ol	0.43–1	0.2	Promotes anti-inflammatory cytokine production, enhances the effect of several chemotherapeutic and biological agents	[33]
α-terpineol	0.5–1.5	-	Anticancer, anticonvulsant, antiulcer, antihypertensive	[34]
γ-terpinene	0.3–11.2	0.9–3.1	Potential biofuel alternative	[35]
p-cymene	0.5–1.5	-	Natural antioxidant, antimicrobial activity	[36]
Limonene	2.0–5.0	-	Anticancer activity	[37]
α-pinene	0.2–10.9	1.9–2.5	Antimicrobial, apoptotic, antimetastatic, and antibiotic	[38]
Camphene	1.3–2	-	Antileishmanial, hepatoprotective, antiviral and anticancer activity by inducing apoptosis in cancer cells	[39]
Myrcene	0.5–1.5	-	Anxiolytic, antioxidant, anti-ageing, anti-inflammatory, analgesic properties	[40]
Camphor	0.9–4.9	-	Insecticidal, antimicrobial, antiviral, anticoccidial, antinociceptive	[41]
Geranyl acetate	0.2–5.4	-	Antinociceptive activity	[17,42]
Linalyl acetate	0–2.7	-	Flavoring agent, antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory activity	[43]
Eucalyptol	0.1–1%	0.5–2	Anti-inflammatory and antioxidant mainly via the regulation on NF-κB and Nrf2 pathway	[44]
β-phellandrene	0–1.5	-	Antimicrobial activity	[45]
Borneol	4.5	-	Acesodyne, sedation, anti-inflammation, antibiosis effect	[46]
β-caryophyllene	3.26	-	Antibacterial, antioxidant, gastroprotective, anxiolytic, anti-inflammatory	[47]
Citronellol	0.15–0.25	8.1–10	Anti-inflammatory, analgesic and anticonvulsant effects	[48]
Caryophyllene oxide	3.12	-	Cytotoxic activity, analgesic activity	[49]
Thymol	2.4–3	-	Antioxidant and antimicrobial properties	[50]
Decanal	-	5.1–8.8	Antioxidant and antimicrobial properties	[17]
(E)-2-Dodecenal	-	12–14	Anthelmintic activity	[51]
Tridecanal	-	0.3–0.4	Antibacterial, antifungal and antioxidant activities	[52]
1-Decanol	-	5–10%	Bactericidal activity and membrane-damaging activity	[53]
(E)-2-Tetradecenal	-	4.1–8.2	Antimicrobial, and antioxidant activity	[54]
(E)-2-Decenal	-	20–35	Antimicrobial, and antioxidant activities	[55]
2-decenoic acid	-	30.8	Antimicrobial activity	[56]
Capric acid	-	12.7	Antibacterial and anti-inflammatory activity	[57]