Table 2.

Mechanisms of exosome neuroprotection.

Exosome Sources	The Main Molecules	Molecules or Pathways Acting in the Process	The Main Mechanism	Reference
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSC)	N/A	N/A	Increased angiogenesis after ischemia	[64]
Adipose-derived MSCs	miR-25-3p	Autophagy	Reduce neuronal autophagy	[65]
The astrocyte origin	circSHOC2	miR-7670-3p/SIRT1	Inhibition of neuronal cell apoptosis	[66]
The astrocyte origin	microRNA-34c	TLR7, NF-κB/MAPK	Reduce ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury	[67]