Figure 2.

Relationship between ROS and autophagy. ROS can regulate autophagy in different ways. ATG4 and p62 can be oxidized directly by ROS to induce autophagy; ROS can activate the AMPK signaling cascade or inhibit the mTOR pathway, resulting in autophagy initiation; transcription factors such as Nrf2 can also be activated by ROS, which will promote the transcription of various ATG proteins. Autophagy can also decrease the generation of ROS by pexophagy, mitophagy, and CAM.