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. 2023 Jan 13;15(2):429. doi: 10.3390/nu15020429

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© 2023 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Individual pre- to post-supplementation change scores between hormone phases. (A) Total body water (TBW; L), (B) extra-cellular fluid (ECF; L), (C) intra-cellular fluid (ICF; L). Note: Change scores of individual responses and supplement group means of TBW, ECF, and ICF are shown. Black circles represent naturally menstruating subjects and gray boxes represent subjects using hormonal contraceptives. Triangles indicate the supplement group mean change score. * Significance (p ≤ 0.05) was noted from ANCOVA with change scores covaried for hydration (USG = 1.016) and estrogen concentration (0.791 pg/mL).