Table 5.
Combination therapy targets both host and pathogen proteins.
| Drug Combinations | Target | Virus | Efficacy Evaluating Model | Clinical Advantage/Primary Outcome Measures | Ref. | Status | Clinicaltrials.gov ID |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Oseltamivir + Clarithromycin + Naproxen | Neuraminidase, 23S rRNA & cyclooxygenase | A & B | Clinical | Faster clinical improvement | [102,103] | - | - |
| Oseltamivir + MEK inhibitors | Neuraminidase & Raf/MEK/ERK signaling pathway | A | In vitro | Synergistic antiviral effect | [104] | - | - |
| Oseltamivir + CXCR2 antagonist | Neuraminidase & CXCR2 | A | In vivo | Improved morbidity and mortality | [105] | - | - |
| Oseltamivir + Danirixin | Neuraminidase & CXCR2 | A | Clinical | Proper clinical response | [106] | II | NCT02927431 |
| Oseltamivir +TLR- 2,6 9 ligand | Neuraminidase & TLRs | A | In vivo | Improved protection | [107] | - | - |
| Oseltamivir + Corticosteroid | Neuraminidase & inflammatory signaling | B | Clinical | Better prognosis | [108] | - | - |
| Oseltamivir + Isoprinosine + Ellagic acid | Neuraminidase, RNA synthesis & tyrosinase | A | In vivo | Protective effects | [109] | - | - |
| Oseltamivir + VIS410 | Neuraminidase & HA stem | A | Clinical | Reduce the influenza load | - | II | NCT03040141 |
| Oseltamivir + Interferon-alpha | Neuraminidase & IFN-α | A | Clinical | Resolution of the illness | - | II | NCT01146535 |
| Oseltamivir + Nitazoxanide, Nitazoxanide | Neuraminidase & M2 ion channel | A | In vitro, In vivo | Synergistic antiviral effects | [110,111] | - | - |
| Oseltamivir + Nitazoxanide | Neuraminidase & M2 ion channel | A | Clinical | Reduction in the clinical symptoms | - | III | NCT01610245 |