Table 4.

Molecular responses under the influence of nanoparticles.

Stress	Plant Studied	Nano Particle Used	Plant Response	Reference
Salinity and osmotic stress	Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.	Ag, Si	ABA upregulation and its dependent stress alleviation by NCED3, TAS14 and SnRK2 upregulation; osmoregulation and oxidative stress alleviation by AREB1-mediated P5CS1 overexpression and proline biosynthesis; SOS, ROS and MAPK-signaling activation	[158]
Drought stress	Arabidopsis thaliana L.	TiO2, Ag, MWCNTs	Noncoding RNA-mediated translational repression of physiological target genes	[172]
Flood stress	Glycine max (L.) Merr	Ag, Al2O3	Protein, lipid and energy metabolism perturbation by PAB2 and BKR1 upregulation and PDC downregulation, respectively, and antioxidant defense by glyoxalase II 3 downregulation	[77]
Cold stress	Cicer arietinum L.	TiO2	Upregulation of RUBISCO and PEPC to increase photosynthesis and reduce electrolyte leakage index	[63]