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Causes of early mortality after traumatic cervical spine injury in older patients.
| Cause of Death | Number |
|---|---|
| Respiratory | 24 |
| - Pneumonia; | 14 |
| - Respiratory failure; | 6 |
| - Choke. | 4 |
| Cardiovascular | 11 |
| - Stroke; | 6 |
| - Cardiac failure; | 3 |
| - Myocardial infarction; | 1 |
| Pulmonary embolism. | 1 |
| - Gastrointestinal | 4 |
| - Gastrointestinal bleeding; | 3 |
| - Non-occlusive mesenteric ischemia. | 1 |
| Systemic | 7 |
| - Hemorrhagic shock; | 3 |
| - Renal failure; | 2 |
| - Spinal shock; | 1 |
| - Urinary tract infection. | 1 |
| Unknown | 15 |
