Table 2.
Comparison between the survival and early mortality groups.
| Clinical Variables | Early Mortality (n = 61) |
Survival (n = 1451) |
p |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age at injury (mean ± SD) | 80.9 ± 7.3 | 75.6 ± 6.9 | <0.001 * |
| Sex | 0.001 * | ||
| - Male (%) | 85.2% (52/61) | 65.8% (955/1451) | |
| - Female (%) | 14.8% (9/61) | 34.2% (496/1451) | |
| BMI (mean ± SD) | 21.2 ± 4.2 | 22.1 ± 3.6 | 0.08 |
| Smoking history (%) | 31.4% (11/35) | 29.9% (277/927) | 0.85 |
| Drinking history (%) | 27.2% (9/33) | 38.2% (339/887) | 0.27 |
| Injury mechanism | |||
| - Falling from the level ground (%) | 39.3% (24/61) | 38.4% (555/1444) | 0.89 |
| - Others (%) | 60.7% (37/61) | 61.6% (889/1444) | |
| Cervical spine fracture (%) | 80.3% (49/61) | 54.1% (785/1451) | <0.001 * |
| Cervical spine dislocation (%) | 21.3% (13/61) | 14.8% (215/1451) | 0.20 |
| Cervical OPLL (%) | 23.0% (14/61) | 21.9% (318/1450) | 0.88 |
| DISH (%) | 26.8% (15/56) | 13.8% (181/1308) | 0.01 * |
| AIS at the admission | <0.001 * | ||
| - A or B (%) | 42.4% (25/59) | 12.3% (178/1445) | |
| - C, D, or E (%) | 57.6% (34/59) | 87.7% (1267/1445) | |
| Concomitant injury (%) | 37.7% (23/61) | 26.7% (388/1451) | 0.08 |
| Cerebrovascular disease (%) | 14.0% (8/57) | 9.8% (137/1402) | 0.26 |
| Respiratory disease (%) | 12.5% (7/56) | 5.3% (74/1399) | 0.03 * |
| Diabetes mellitus (%) | 28.1% (16/57) | 22.4% (314/1401) | 0.33 |
| Hypertension (%) | 54.4% (31/57) | 49.4% (700/1417) | 0.50 |
| Cardiac disease (%) | 33.3% (19/57) | 14.9% (208/1399) | <0.001 * |
| Chronic kidney disease (%) | 12.5% (7/56) | 2.8% (39/1398) | 0.001 * |
| Steroid administration (%) | 11.5% (7/61) | 13.8% (200/1450) | 0.71 |
| Surgical treatment (%) | 39.3% (24/61) | 60.6% (879/1451) | 0.001 * |
SD, standard deviation; BMI, body mass index; OPLL, ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament; DISH, diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis; AIS, American Spinal Injury Association Impairment Scale; * p < 0.05.