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Details of intraoperative complications.
| Intraoperative Complications | Number | Note |
|---|---|---|
| Massive bleeding (>1000 g) | 18 | One patient died intraoperatively due to hemorrhagic shock |
| Dural tear | 16 | |
| Intraoperative vertebral artery injury | 5 | One patient died five days postoperatively due to brainstem infarction |
| Intraoperative injury of the spinal cord or nerve root | 3 | |
| Intraoperative spine fracture | 2 |
