Table 4.
Comparison between the survival and early mortality groups in the surgical treatment group.
| Early Mortality (n = 24) |
Survival (n = 879) |
p | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age at injury (mean ± SD, year) | 78.4 ± 6.5 | 74.9 ± 6.3 | 0.01 * |
| Sex | 0.18 | ||
| - Male (%) | 83.3% (20/24) | 69.5% (611/879) | |
| - Female (%) | 16.7% (4/24) | 30.5% (268/879) | |
| BMI (mean ± SD) | 22.4 ± 4.1 | 22.1 ± 3.4 | 0.99 |
| Smoking history (%) | 35.7% (5/14) | 31.6% (182/575) | 0.78 |
| Drinking history (%) | 16.7% (2/12) | 40.0% (223/557) | 0.14 |
| Injury mechanism | 0.83 | ||
| - Falling from the level ground (%) | 33.3% (8/24) | 37.3% (326/873) | |
| - Others (%) | 66.7% (16/24) | 62.7% (547/873) | |
| Cervical spine fracture (%) | 79.2% (19/24) | 58.2% (512/879) | 0.06 |
| Cervical spine dislocation (%) | 33.3% (8/24) | 23.1% (203/879) | 0.23 |
| Cervical OPLL (%) | 33.3% (8/24) | 24.7% (217/878) | 0.34 |
| DISH (%) | 36.4% (8/22) | 17.4% (136/779) | 0.04 * |
| AIS at the admission | <0.001 * | ||
| - A or B (%) | 54.2% (13/24) | 14.6% (128/876) | |
| - C, D, or E (%) | 45.8% (11/24) | 85.4% (748/876) | |
| Concomitant injury (%) | 20.8% (5/24) | 24.1% (212/879) | 0.81 |
| Cerebrovascular disease (%) | 4.3% (1/23) | 5.2% (44/847) | 1.00 |
| Respiratory disease (%) | 20.8% (5/24) | 9.4% (80/850) | 0.08 |
| Diabetes mellitus (%) | 42.7% (10/24) | 22.1% (187/848) | 0.04 * |
| Hypertension (%) | 54.2% (13/24) | 48.7% (419/860) | 0.68 |
| Cardiac disease (%) | 41.7% (10/24) | 15.2% (129/847) | 0.002 * |
| Chronic kidney disease (%) | 8.3% (2/24) | 2.5% (21/846) | 0.13 |
| Steroid administration (%) | 8.3% (2/24) | 11.8% (104/879) | 1.00 |
| Early surgery intervention (%) | 13.0% (3/23) | 9.7% (84/865) | 0.49 |
| Surgical method | 0.47 | ||
| - Single-side (%) | 95.8% (23/24) | 97.5% (854/876) | |
| - Combined (%) | 4.2% (1/24) | 2.5% (22/876) | |
| Instrumentation (%) | 87.5 % (21/24) | 69.3% (607/876) | 0.07 |
| Operative time (mean ± SD, min) | 191 ± 91 | 167 ± 73 | 0.19 |
| Intraoperative blood loss (mean ± SD, mL) | 553 ± 962 | 218 ± 319 | 0.07 |
| Perioperative blood transfusion (%) | 39.1% (9/23) | 11.4% (97/848) | <0.001 * |
| Intraoperative complications (%) | 16.7% (4/24) | 4.6% (40/866) | 0.03 * |
SD, standard deviation; BMI, body mass index; OPLL, ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament; DISH, diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis; AIS, American Spinal Injury Association Impairment Scale; * p < 0.05.