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. 2023 Jan 4;13(1):148. doi: 10.3390/life13010148

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© 2023 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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The most frequent uropathogens (adopted from Flores-Mireles, et al., 2015). UTIs are caused by a wide range of Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacterial pathogens as well as fungi. Uropathogenic E. coli (UPEC) is the most common causative agent for both uncomplicated (75%) and complicated (65%) UTIs. The most prevalent pathogens in uncomplicated UTIs, in order of prevalence, are Klebsiella pneumoniae (6%), Staphylococcus saprophyticus (6%), Enterococcus faecalis (5%), group B Streptococcus (3%), Proteus mirabilis (2%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (1%), Staphylococcus aureus (1%), and Candida spp. (1%). For complicated UTIs, the most prevalent pathogens are Enterococcus spp. (11%), K. pneumoniae (8%), Candida spp. (7%), S. aureus (3%), P. mirabilis (2%), P. aeruginosa (2%) and group B Streptococcus (2%).