Table 1.
Examples of antibiofilm agents.
| Agent | Target Microbe | Expected Mode of Anti-Biofilm Action | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|
| Repurposed drugs | |||
| α-Adrenoreceptor blockers | |||
| Terazosin |
P. aeruginosa
S. enterica |
Antagonize QS system | [131] [136] |
| Prazosin |
P. aeruginosa, P. mirabilis,
S. marcescens, Salmonella enterica |
Antagonize QS system | [153,226,227] |
| β-Adrenoreceptor blockers | |||
| Metoprolol Atenolol |
P. aeruginosa, S. enterica
P. aeruginosa, P. mirabilis, S. marcescens |
Antagonize QS system | [132,228] |
| Antidiabetics | |||
| Sitagliptin |
P. aeruginosa
S. aureus S. marcescens |
Antagonize QS system | [62,144,229] [62] [146] |
| Saxagliptin | S. mutans | Enzymatical quenching | [230] |
| Metformin |
P. aeruginosa
S. marcescens |
Antagonize QS system | [145] [146] |
| Diclofenac (analgesic) | P. mirabilis | Antagonize QS system | [135] |
| Antipsychotics | |||
| Fluoxetine Thioridazine Penfluridol |
P. mirabilis
P. mirabilis E. faecalis |
Interfering with biofilm formation molecular system | [231,232] [233] |
| Anti-amoebic | |||
| Metronidazole Secnidazole |
P. mirabilis
S. marcescens |
Antagonize QS system | [234] [235] |
| Allopurinol (anti-gout) | P. aeruginosa | Antagonize QS system | [152] |
| Ambroxol (mycolytic) | S. marcescens | Antagonize QS system | [128] |
| Antibiotics | |||
| Azithromycin | P. aeruginosa | Antagonize QS system | [124] |
| Ciprofloxacin | S. enterica | Antagonize QS system | [236] |
| Resveratrol (anticancer) |
S. aureus
E. coli Vibrio cholera |
Downregulation of biofilm formation molecular system | [237] [238] [239] |
| Ribavirin (antiviral) | C. albicans | Interfering with biofilm formation molecular system | [240] |
| Theophylline (bronchodilator) | C. albicans | Enzymatical quenching | [241] |
| Phytochemicals | |||
| Stolon (fenugreek) | P. aeruginosa | Antagonize QS system | [130] |
| Garlic extract | P. aeruginosa | Antagonize QS system | [203] |
| Allicin (Garlic) | P. mirabilis | Antagonize QS system | [242] |
| Carvacrol (Oregano) | P. aeruginosa | Antagonize QS system | [243] |
| Emodin (Polygonum cuspidatum) |
S. aureus
C. albicans |
Downregulation of biofilm formation molecular system | [244] [245] |
| Phytol (piper) | S. marcescens | Antagonize QS system | [246] |
| Curcumin (curcuma) | Acinetobacter baumannii, C. albican, P. mirabilis | Downregulation of biofilm formation molecular system | [247] |
| Tannic acid | E. coli | Disruption of biofilm matrix |
[248] |
| Xylitol | S. marcescens | Antagonize QS system | [249] |
| Sodium citrate | P. aeruginosa | Antagonize QS system | [137] |
| Isolimonic acid (citrus fruits) | E. coli | Downregulation of biofilm formation molecular system | [250] |
| Zingerone (ginger) | P. aeruginosa | Antagonize QS system | [251] |
| Vanillin | Chromobacterium violaceum | Antagonize QS system | [252] |
| Bacteriophages | |||
| vB_SauM_ME18 and vB_SauM_ME126 | S. aureus | - | [199] |
| Pseudomonas Phage | P. aeruginosa | - | [183] |
| pSp-J and pSp-S | Staphylococcal spp. | - | [253] |
| Bacteriophage K | S. aureus | - | [184] |
| Bacteriophage cocktail | P. aeruginosa | - | [254] |
| Bacteriophage cocktail | P. mirabilis | - | [194] |
| vB_PmiS-TH | P. mirabilis | - | [185] |
| vB_EcoS-Golestan | E. coli | - | [186] |
| PhiS1 | P. aeruginosa | - | [187] |
| PhiE2005-A | P. aeruginosa | - | [191] |
| Lytic bacteriophages cocktail | P. mirabilis, E. coli | - | [190] |
| Lytic bacteriophage | K. pneumonia | - | [192] |
| Staphylococcus bacteriophage K | S. epidermidis | - | [193] |
| Antimicrobial Lipids (AMLs) | |||
| Glycerol monolaurate | Haemophilus influenzae, S. aureus | Disruption of biofilm matrix |
[255] |
| Alginate oligosaccharide | P. aeruginosa | [256] | |
| Antimicrobial Peptides (AMPs) | |||
| AMP 1018 |
S. mutants
E. coli |
Disruption of biofilm cell membranes | [216] [217] |
| LL-37 | E. coli | [207] | |
| DJK-5 | P. aeruginosa | [219] | |
| DJK-6 | P. aeruginosa | [219] | |
| Nanoparticles (NPs) | |||
| Ciprofloxacin-mesoporous silica | S. enterica | - | [236] |
| Metformin-silver NPs | S. aureus | - | [257] |
| Thymol nano-emulsion | Salmonella spp. | - | [134] |
| Gold nanoparticles (GNPs) | E. coli, S. aureus, K. pnumonia | - | [258] |
| SeNPs | P. mirabilis | - | [259] |
| ZnO:MgO NPs | P. mirabilis | [260] | |
| Amphotericin B-PEG-ZnO | C. albicans | - | [220] |
| Nigella sativa-Zn NPs | E. coli | Antagonize QS system | [261] |
| Punica granatum -AgNPs | E. coli, P. aeruginosa, P. mirabilis, S. aureus | - | [262] |