Table 1.
Comparison of clinical and psychopathological measures at admission and discharge between individuals hospitalized before and after the start of the COVID-19 pandemic.
| Admission | Discharge | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Characteristic | Pre-COVID, N = 80 1 | Post-COVID, N = 79 1 | p-Value 2 | q-Value 3 | ES (95% CI) 4 | Pre-COVID, N = 80 1 | Post-COVID, N = 79 1 | p-Value 5 | q-Value 3 | ES (95% CI) 4 |
| Age, years | 24.88 (8.48) | 24.73 (7.80) | >0.9 | >0.9 | −0.02 (−0.34, 0.30) | |||||
| Sex: female | 78 (98%) | 78 (99%) | >0.9 | >0.9 | ||||||
| Diagnosis | 0.4 | >0.9 | ||||||||
| AN-BP | 14 (18%) | 21 (27%) | ||||||||
| AN-R | 47 (59%) | 45 (57%) | ||||||||
| ARFID | 3 (3.8%) | 2 (2.5%) | ||||||||
| BN | 6 (7.5%) | 7 (8.9%) | ||||||||
| OSFED | 10 (12%) | 4 (5.1%) | ||||||||
| Duration of Illness, years | 6.43 (6.92) | 7.30 (7.62) | 0.5 | >0.9 | 0.12 (−0.21, 0.44) | |||||
| Length of stay, days | 34.55 (19.54) | 29.08 (18.35) | 0.088 | 0.7 | −0.29 (−0.62, 0.05) | |||||
| Admission from emergency room | 13 (16%) | 22 (28%) | 0.078 | 0.7 | ||||||
| BMI (underweight individuals) | 14.39 (2.21) | 14.30 (1.93) | 0.8 | >0.9 | −0.04 (−0.39, 0.30) | 15.08 (2.13) | 14.75 (1.82) | 0.4 | >0.9 | −0.17 (−0.53, 0.20) |
| Caloric intake (underweight), kcal | 769.64 (499.88) | 786.32 (371.96) | 0.8 | >0.9 | 0.04 (−0.33, 0.41) | 1457.46 (378.48) | 1376.51 (247.12) | 0.2 | >0.9 | −0.25 (−0.62, 0.12) |
| Physical hyperactivity | 24 (30%) | 41 (52%) | 0.005 | 0.050 | 8 (10%) | 17 (22%) | 0.046 | 0.4 | ||
| Binge-purging symptoms | 18 (22%) | 25 (32%) | 0.2 | >0.9 | 2 (2.5%) | 2 (2.5%) | >0.9 | >0.9 | ||
| BSPS fear | 9.68 (5.05) | 9.61 (6.74) | >0.9 | >0.9 | −0.01 (−0.34, 0.32) | 7.79 (5.01) | 8.18 (6.21) | 0.7 | >0.9 | 0.07 (−0.27, 0.41) |
| BSPS avoidance | 8.95 (5.23) | 9.03 (6.54) | >0.9 | >0.9 | 0.01 (−0.31, 0.34) | 7.23 (4.83) | 7.85 (6.22) | 0.5 | >0.9 | 0.11 (−0.23, 0.46) |
| BSPS physiologic | 3.73 (2.70) | 5.53 (5.58) | 0.016 | 0.073 | 0.41 (0.08, 0.74) | 3.06 (2.91) | 4.21 (3.62) | 0.048 | 0.4 | 0.35 (0.01, 0.70) |
| BSPS total score | 22.41 (12.04) | 23.49 (16.50) | 0.7 | >0.9 | 0.07 (−0.25, 0.40) | 17.99 (11.25) | 20.21 (14.62) | 0.3 | >0.9 | 0.17 (−0.17, 0.52) |
| EDE-Q restraint | 3.14 (2.07) | 4.01 (1.86) | 0.007 | 0.046 | 0.44 (0.12, 0.76) | 1.75 (1.67) | 2.65 (1.57) | 0.008 | 0.015 | 0.56 (0.14, 1.0) |
| Unknown | 29 | 35 | ||||||||
| EDE-Q eating concern | 3.01 (1.58) | 3.64 (1.35) | 0.009 | 0.054 | 0.42 (0.10, 0.74) | 2.05 (1.39) | 2.73 (1.17) | 0.011 | 0.015 | 0.52 (0.11, 0.93) |
| Unknown | 29 | 35 | ||||||||
| EDE-Q shape concern | 3.98 (1.58) | 4.98 (1.37) | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.67 (0.35, 1.0) | 3.01 (1.93) | 4.60 (1.40) | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.92 (0.49, 1.3) |
| Unknown | 29 | 35 | ||||||||
| EDE-Q weight concern | 3.50 (1.69) | 4.49 (1.61) | <0.001 | 0.003 | 0.60 (0.27, 0.92) | 2.46 (1.71) | 3.94 (1.58) | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.89 (0.46, 1.3) |
| Unknown | 29 | 35 | ||||||||
| EDE-Q global score | 3.41 (1.61) | 4.28 (1.38) | <0.001 | 0.004 | 0.58 (0.26, 0.90) | 2.32 (1.52) | 3.48 (1.26) | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.82 (0.40, 1.2) |
| Unknown | 29 | 35 | ||||||||
| STAI state anxiety | 54.32 (13.05) | 60.34 (11.73) | 0.004 | 0.035 | 0.48 (0.15, 0.82) | |||||
| STAI trait anxiety | 56.90 (15.92) | 64.12 (10.01) | 0.001 | 0.013 | 0.54 (0.21, 0.87) | |||||
| BDI total score | 15.97 (8.73) | 19.64 (7.53) | 0.015 | 0.073 | 0.44 (0.08, 0.81) | |||||
1 Mean (SD); n (%); 2 Welch Two Sample t-test; Fisher’s exact test; Pearson’s Chi-squared test; 3 Holm correction for multiple testing. Bold values denote statistical significance at q ≤ 0.05; 4 Cohen’s d (95% CI). Effects can be interpreted as small for d = 0.2, medium for d = 0.5, and large for d = 0.8; 5 Welch Two Sample t-test; Pearson’s Chi-squared test; Fisher’s exact test. Abbreviations: AN-R = Anorexia Nervosa—Restricting Type; AN-BP = Anorexia Nervosa Binge-Purging Type; ARFID = Avoidant/Restrictive Food Intake Disorder; BN = Bulimia Nervosa; OSFED = Other Specified Feeding and Eating Disorder; BMI = Body Mass Index; BSPS = Brief Social Phobia Scale; EDE-Q = Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire; STAI = State-Trait Anxiety Inventory; BDI = Beck Depression Inventory; SD = Standard Deviation; Ci = Confidence Interval; ES = Effect Size.