1.The leaf shape is spathulate, the anticlinal wall shape is straight, the anticlinal walls are raised, the periclinal walls are concave, and the pappus bristles are scabrous scales.

2

The leaf shape is obovate or oblancelate, the anticlinal wall shape is straight, the anti-clinal walls are slightly raised, the periclinal walls are slightly concave, the pappus bristles are paleaceous scales to form a crown.

3

2.The leaf margin is dentate, the shape of the cypsela is oblong, the stomata leveling is depressed, papillae are present, shaggy hair is present, there is a multicellular uniseri-ate stalk, and a unicellular head and heterogeneous cells are present.

C. intybus var. intybus

The leaf margin is fine dentate, the shape of the cypsela is oblong obovate, the stomata leveling is superficial, papillae are absent, shaggy hair is absent, there is a multicellular uniseriate stalk, and a unicellular head and heterogeneous cells are ab-sent.

C. intybus var. foliosum

3.The leaf shape is obovate, the leaf type is pinnately lobed, the midrib color is green, the radical leaf is absent, the epidermal cell wall is sinuous, there is a multicellular uniseri-ate stalk, and a unicellular head with homogeneous cells are pre-sent.

C. endivia var. crispum

The leaf shape is spathulate or oblancelate, leaf type is simple, midrib color is white, radical leaf is present, epidermal cell wall is straight, with multicellular uniseriate stalk, and unicellular head with homogeneous cells absent.

4

4.The leaf shape is spathulate, the petiole is absent, the shape of the cypsela is oblong, the surface pattern is weak sulcate papillate, the stomata level is semi-depressed, the epi-dermal sculpture is reticulate, and papillae are present.

C. endivia var. endivia

The leaf shape is oblancelate, the petiole is present, the shape of the cypsela is oblong obovate, the surface pattern is weak ruminate sulcate papillate, the stomata level is superficial, the epidermal sculpture is striate, and papillae are absent.

C. endivia subsp. pumilum