APPI	atmospheric pressure photoionization
C4D	capacitively coupled contactless conductively detection
CE	electrophoresis
CE-DAD	capillary electrophoresis and diode-array detection
DBS	dried blood spot
DQ	diquat
ELISA	enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
EPQ	ethyl paraquat
ESI	electrospray ionization
GC	gas chromatography
GC–MS	gas chromatography–mass spectrometry
HESI	heated electrospray ionization source
HFBA	heptafluorobutyric acid
HILIC	hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography
HPLC	high-performance liquid chromatography
HPLC–UV	high-performance liquid chromatography–ultraviolet detection
HRMS	high-resolution mass spectrometer
HS-SPME	headspace solid-phase microextraction
ICA	immunochromatographic assay
IS–SERS	internal standard–SERS
LC/TOF–MS	liquid chromatography/time-of-flight mass spectrometry
LC–MS	liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry
LLE	liquid–liquid extraction
LOD	limits of detection
LOQ	limits of quantification
LPME	liquid-phase microextraction
MALDI–FTICR–MS	matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry
MCS	microcapillary sampling
MDSPE	magnetic dispersed solid-phase extraction
MODS	multi-organ dysfunction syndrome
MS	mass spectrometer
MSWCNTs	magnetic single-walled carbon nanotubes
NaBH4–NiCl2	sodium borohydride–nickel chloride
NP	nanoparticle
PAD	paper-based analytical devices
PFs	preconcentration factors
PQ	paraquat
PRM	parallel reaction monitoring
QqQ	triple quadrupole
SALDI-TOF MS	surface-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry
SERS	surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy
SHS	switchable–hydrophilicity solvent
SPE	solid-phase extraction
SPME	solid-phase microextraction
TEA	triethylamine
TRFICA	time-resolved fluorescence immunochromatographic assay
UA–SHS–HLLME	ultrasound-assisted switchable-hydrophilicity solvent-based homogeneous liquid–liquid microextraction
UPLC–MS	ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry