Table 1.
Comparison of reported pretreatment methods of PQ and DQ in biological samples.
| Analytical Methods | Analytes | Matrix | Pretreatment Methods | Adsorbent/ Extractant |
Recovery | LODS | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| UPLC–HRMS | PQ & DQ | Human urine | MSPE | Fe3O4@SiO2@poly(4-VB) | PQ: 86.7–104.3% DQ: 100.3–109.9% |
PQ: 0.12 μg/L DQ: 0.14 μg/L |
[33] |
| LC–MS/MS | PQ & DQ | Blood & urine | Protein precipitation | Acetonitrile | PQ: Blood: 87.32–94.96%/urine: 88.93–108.36% DQ: Blood: 80.28–91.54%/urine: 95.56–101.02% |
PQ: 0.1 μg/mL DQ: 0.05 μg/mL |
[14] |
| HPLC–HRMS | PQ & DQ | Blood | Protein precipitation | Acetonitrile: water = 3:1 (v:v) | PQ: 86–108% DQ: 88–96% |
PQ: 5 ng/mL DQ: 10 ng/mL |
[19] |
| HPLC–DAD | PQ & DQ | Human plasma | SPE | 2 mL of ammonium formate, 2 mL of methanol, and 1 mL of a mixture solution of acetonitrile, ethyl acetate, and formic acid (4:4:2, v/v/v) | PQ: 95.38–103.97% DQ: 94.79–98.40% |
0.01 μg/mL | [24] |
| HPLC | PQ & DQ | Plasma & urine | MDSPE | CoFe2O4@SiO2 MNPs | 87.5–98.7% | PQ: 4.5 μg/L DQ: 4.3 μg/L |
[35] |
| HPLC–UV | PQ | Biological samples | LLME | Mixture of triethylamine and water | 90.0–92.3% | 0.2 μg/L | [30] |
| HPLC–MS | PQ | Urine | DSPE | magnetic single-walled carbon nanotubes | 92.89–108.9% | 0.94 μg/L | [34] |
| GC–MS | PQ | Plasma & urine | HS-SPME | Polydimethylsiloxane fiber | Plasma: 94.00–99.85% Urine: 95.00–100.34% |
0.01 μg/mL | [29] |
| UPLC–HRMS | PQ | Plasma & urine | Protein precipitation | Acetonitrile | Plasma: 98.54–100.90% Urine: 93.51–99.45% |
Urine: 0.1 ng/Ml Plasma: 0.3 ng/mL |
[13] |
| GC–MS | PQ & DQ | Serum & urine | Monolithic spin column extraction | 0.2 mL of a mixture of chloroform and methanol (9:1 v/v) (MonoSpin® C18 extraction column) | 51.3–106.1% | PQ: 0.1 μg/mL DQ: 0.025 μg/mL |
[26] |
| HPLC–MS | PQ & DQ | Human urine | SPE | 1 mL of 5% methanol in deionized water (v/v) & 10% formic acid in acetonitrile (v/v) (Strata-X-CW 33 μm polymeric 3 mL weak cation cartridges) | PQ: 83.4–85.5% DQ: 77.7–94.2% |
1 ng/mL | [27] |
| UV-Vis Spectrometry | PQ | Plasma & urine | MSPE | Fe3O4@SiO2 NPs | Plasma: 93.6–102.4% Urine: 92.9–103.5% |
12.2 μg/L | [36] |
| UPLC–HRMS | PQ | human urine | MSPE | Amphiphilic carboxyl-functionalized magnetic polymer microspheres (Amphiphilic-MPs-COOH) | 84.5–103% | 0.1–1.6 μg/L | [32] |
| LC–MS | PQ | Tissue | Whirling agitated single-drop microextraction | 1-dodecanol | >91.21% | 4.81 ng/g | [31] |
| HPLC–UV | PQ | Human plasma | protein precipitation with organic solvent backwashing | Acetonitrile and methylene chloride | 91.9% | 0.01 μg/mL | [21] |
| HPLC–UV | PQ | The whole blood | Protein precipitation with hydrochloric acid | Acetonitrile | 87.9–106.7% | 0.026 μg/mL | [18] |
| HPLC–UV | PQ | Human plasma | Protein precipitation | Trichloroacetic acid-methanol (1:9) | n.d. | n.d. | [17] |
n.d.: not found; LODS: Limits of Detection.