Table 6.
Factors and items of the HPLI.
| Factors and Items | Males (n = 60) | Females (n = 60) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pre-Test M ± SD |
Post-Test M ± SD |
t-Value (p-Value) |
Post-Test M ± SD |
Pre-Test M ± SD |
t-Value (p-Value) |
||
| Factor 1: Health responsibility | 3.87 ± 0.27 | 4.09 ± 0.15 | −3.76 * (0.015) | 3.92 ± 0.25 | 4.16 ± 0.11 | −3.31 * (0.037) | |
| 1 | Watch TV programs about improving health. | 3.99 ± 0.21 | 4.19 ± 0.10 | −3.84 * (0.013) | 3.98 ± 0.21 | 4.28 ± 0.08 | −3.97 * (0.007) |
| 2 | Discuss my health concerns with a health professional. | 4.00 ± 0.19 | 4.11 ± 0.12 | −1.07 (0.124) | 4.06 ± 0.16 | 4.17 ± 0.11 | −1.22 (0.094) |
| 3 | Get a second opinion when I suspect advice given by my healthcare professional. | 3.97 ± 0.22 | 4.08 ± 0.16 | −1.18 (0.116) | 4.01 ± 0.18 | 4.15 ± 0.13 | −1.43 (0.075) |
| 4 | Examine my body at least once a year to detect any physical changes. | 3.91 ± 0.25 | 4.05 ± 0.17 | −1.55 (0.085) | 3.97 ± 0.23 | 4.08 ± 0.17 | −1.31 (0.087) |
| 5 | Attend educational programs on health care. | 3.47 ± 0.35 | 4.02 ± 0.19 | −7.16 * (0.0003) | 3.59 ± 0.32 | 4.11 ± 0.15 | −6.54 * (0.0005) |
| Factor 2: Physical activity | 3.23 ± 0.27 | 4.24 ± 0.10 | −11.15 * (0.0001) | 3.19 ± 0.22 | 4.09 ± 0.12 | −9.82 * (0.0002) | |
| 6 | Exercise vigorously for 30 min or more at least three times a week. | 3.24 ± 0.27 | 4.21 ± 0.13 | −9.68 * (0.0002) | 3.19 ± 0.24 | 4.18 ± 0.08 | −9.25 * (0.0003) |
| 7 | Participate in physical activity at a mild to moderate level. | 3.20 ± 0.28 | 4.24 ± 0.11 | −11.71 * (0.0001) | 3.15 ± 0.26 | 4.07 ± 0.13 | −8.41 * (0.0007) |
| 8 | Do stretching exercises at least 3 times a week. | 3.19 ± 0.29 | 4.25 ± 0.16 | −11.58 * (0.0001) | 3.21 ± 0.23 | 4.05 ± 0.15 | −8.23 * (0.0009) |
| 9 | Participate in leisure physical activities. | 3.24 ± 0.27 | 4.19 ± 0.14 | −10.26 * (0.0001) | 3.15 ± 0.26 | 4.04 ± 0.17 | −8.04 * (0.0012) |
| 10 | Exercise while doing daily activities. | 3.18 ± 0.29 | 4.25 ± 0.10 | −11.79 * (0.0001) | 3.17 ± 0.25 | 4.13 ± 0.11 | −9.61 * (0.0002) |
| 11 | Checking my pulse rate while exercising. | 3.30 ± 0.23 | 4.31 ± 0.07 | −10.23 * (0.0001) | 3.25 ± 0.22 | 4.06 ± 0.13 | −7.57 * (0.0016) |
| Factor 3: Nutrition | 3.65 ± 0.23 | 4.08 ± 0.12 | −4.77 * (0.0046) | 3.81 ± 0.21 | 4.21 ± 0.09 | −4.30 * (0.0081) | |
| 12 | Choose a diet low in fat, saturated fat and cholesterol. | 3.59 ± 0.29 | 4.13 ± 0.11 | −5.66 * (0.0011) | 3.79 ± 0.25 | 4.25 ± 0.08 | −4.61 * (0.0062) |
| 13 | Limit sugar intake and foods that contain sugar (sweet). | 3.81 ± 0.21 | 4.11 ± 0.11 | −4.23 * (0.0093) | 3.85 ± 0.21 | 4.27 ± 0.07 | −4.35 * (0.0075) |
| 14 | Eat 1.5 to 4 bowls of staple food, including cereals, rice and noodles daily. | 3.66 ± 0.23 | 4.08 ± 0.13 | −4.41 * (0.0065) | 3.78 ± 0.27 | 4.19 ± 0.13 | −3.73 * (0.028) |
| 15 | Eat 2 to 4 fist-sized pieces of fruit daily. | 3.61 ± 0.20 | 3.95 ± 0.18 | −3.54 * (0.032) | 3.81 ± 0.23 | 4.11 ± 0.17 | −3.45 * (0.037) |
| 16 | Eat 3 to 5 plates of vegetables daily. | 3.69 ± 0.23 | 4.05 ± 0.14 | −4.16 * (0.011) | 3.82 ± 0.22 | 4.15 ± 0.15 | −3.92 * (0.022) |
| 17 | Drink 350 to 500 mL of dairy daily. | 3.53 ± 0.31 | 4.14 ± 0.10 | −5.33 * (0.0028) | 3.79 ± 0.26 | 4.20 ± 0.10 | −4.12 * (0.015) |
| 18 | Eat 115–300 g based on meat, chicken, fish, dried beans, eggs and bean groups daily. | 3.68 ± 0.22 | 4.09 ± 0.12 | −4.37 * (0.0074) | 3.86 ± 0.19 | 4.26 ± 0.07 | −4.42 * (0.0063) |
| Factor 4: Spiritual growth | 3.58 ± 0.21 | 4.18 ± 0.10 | −5.45 * (0.0026) | 3.63 ± 0.23 | 4.19 ± 0.11 | −5.25 * (0.0054) | |
| 19 | Get enough sleep. | 3.63 ± 0.19 | 4.16 ± 0.12 | −4.87 * (0.0062) | 3.66 ± 0.22 | 4.14 ± 0.13 | −4.54 * (0.0076) |
| 20 | Feeling I am growing and changing in a positive way. | 3.57 ± 0.21 | 4.11 ± 0.16 | −4.65 * (0.0074) | 3.60 ± 0.25 | 4.15 ± 0.12 | −5.33 * (0.0047) |
| 21 | Believe that my life has a purpose. | 3.61 ± 0.20 | 4.18 ± 0.12 | −5.39 * (0.0031) | 3.78 ± 0.18 | 4.26 ± 0.06 | −4.81 * (0.0064) |
| 22 | Looking to the future. | 3.64 ± 0.19 | 4.29 ± 0.09 | −9.42 * (0.0004) | 3.69 ± 0.21 | 4.23 ± 0.07 | −5.26 * (0.0053) |
| 23 | Concentrate on pleasant thoughts before bed. | 3.41 ± 0.25 | 4.15 ± 0.13 | −8.38 * (0.0006) | 3.42 ± 0.28 | 4.16 ± 0.12 | −7.49 * (0.0012) |
| Factor 5: Social support | 3.45 ± 0.22 | 4.26 ± 0.09 | −8.75 * (0.0005) | 3.32 ± 0.22 | 4.21 ± 0.13 | −9.28 * (0.00034) | |
| 24 | Discuss exercise patterns with friends. | 3.31 ± 0.26 | 4.17 ± 0.12 | −9.47 * (0.0004) | 3.26 ± 0.26 | 4.12 ± 0.16 | −8.51 * (0.00057) |
| 25 | I would compliment a friend’s athleticism. | 3.33 ± 0.25 | 4.16 ± 0.14 | −9.59 * (0.0003) | 3.21 ± 0.28 | 4.15 ± 0.14 | −10.97 * (0.0001) |
| 26 | Exercise with friends. | 3.35 ± 0.25 | 4.27 ± 0.09 | −10.96 * (0.0001) | 3.23 ± 0.27 | 4.17 ± 0.13 | −11.09 * (0.0001) |
| 27 | I will show concern to my friends. | 3.62 ± 0.18 | 4.24 ± 0.10 | −7.34 * (0.0009) | 3.54 ± 0.19 | 4.25 ± 0.11 | −7.86 * (0.0008) |
| 28 | Playing sports with friends makes me happy. | 3.49 ± 0.22 | 4.36 ± 0.07 | −9.81 * (0.0002) | 3.37 ± 0.23 | 4.32 ± 0.07 | −11.53 * (0.0001) |
| 29 | Get support from friends while exercising. | 3.58 ± 0.19 | 4.37 ± 0.06 | −7.12 * (0.0011) | 3.33 ± 0.24 | 4.24 ± 0.11 | −11.67 * (0.0001) |
| Factor 6: Stress management | 3.45 ± 0.23 | 4.28 ± 0.10 | −8.46 * (0.0005) | 3.47 ± 0.25 | 4.21 ± 0.11 | −7.16 * (0.0018) | |
| 30 | Accepting things I can’t change in my life. | 3.39 ± 0.26 | 4.19 ± 0.13 | −8.38 * (0.0007) | 3.35 ± 0.30 | 4.11 ± 0.15 | −7.22 * (0.0014) |
| 31 | Feel satisfied and calm with yourself. | 3.62 ± 0.21 | 4.24 ± 0.11 | −7.59 * (0.0011) | 3.59 ± 0.23 | 4.14 ± 0.14 | −4.79 * (0.0093) |
| 32 | Exercise makes me less stressed. | 3.34 ± 0.28 | 4.53 ± 0.07 | −14.53 * (0.0001) | 3.44 ± 0.26 | 4.32 ± 0.07 | −9.94 * (0.0003) |
| 33 | Finding that every day is exciting and challenging. | 3.43 ± 0.25 | 4.33 ± 0.09 | −10.26 * (0.0003) | 3.41 ± 0.27 | 4.19 ± 0.12 | −7.85 * (0.0008) |
| 34 | Calm myself to avoid fatigue. | 3.49 ± 0.24 | 4.12 ± 0.15 | −6.77 * (0.0015) | 3.54 ± 0.24 | 4.31 ± 0.08 | −7.39 * (0.0011) |
* p < 0.05. Pre- and post-tests values presented as means ± standard deviations (M ± SD). t test value presented as t-value (p-value).