Table 4.

Summary of Organ-Specific Side Effects of Cyclophosphamide Therapy.

Organ	Side Effect
Gastrointestinal tract	Nausea, gastrointestinal dysmotility, emesis, and hepatotoxicity
Reproductive system	Ovarian failure (reduced estradiol, progesterone, maturation of oocytes, and number of ovarian follicles), amenorrhea, azoospermia, spontaneous abortions, congenital malformation, growth retardation, anatomical abnormalities, and cervical atypia
Urinary tract	Necrosis of bladder mucosa, hematuria, hemorrhagic cystitis, and bladder carcinoma
Immune system	Hematologic malignancies, neutropenia, lymphopenia, thrombocytopenia, anemia, and increased risk of infections.
Lung	Interstitial pneumonitis and fibrosis
Cardiovascular system	Hypertrophy, myocardial fibrosis, tachyarrhythmias, hypotension, heart failure, myocarditis, and perimyocarditis