Table 2.

Main outcomes of included studies.

Authors and Year	Sample Characteristics (a)Size, n (b)Age, Years (c)BMI, kg/m2 (d)PhA, °	Main Outcomes
Curvello-Silva et al., 2020 [8]	(a)n = 141; (b)37.9 ± 10.7 years; (c)≥35.0 to 64.0 kg/m2; (d)3.32 to 7.21°.	Association between low PhA (<5°) and presence of hyperuricemia, adjusted by waist circumference, dysglycemia, and arterial hypertension (p = 0.018).
Barrea et al., 2019 [9]	(a)n = 287 obese, 79 normal, and 89 overweight subjects; (b)37.0 ± 11.0 years; (c)34.0 ± 8.0 kg/m2; (d)5.8 ± 0.8°.	BMI, sex and age were associated with PhA (β = −0.54, −0.32, −0.11, respectively; p ≤ 0.004). The lowest values of PhA were significantly associated with obesity (OR = 0.3) and 25(OH)D deficiency (OR = 0.2). The specific cut-off for 25(OH)D levels to predict the PhA above the median was >14 ng/mL (p < 0.001).
Shin et al., 2017 [10]	(a)n = 142 patients with end-stage CKD; (b)64 ± 13 years; (c)22.5 kg/m2; (d)4.6 ± 1.0°.	A positive correlation of PhA with albumin, BUN, creatinine, uric acid, and phosphorus (r = 0.37, 0.31, 0.50, 0.46, and 0.20; p < 0.05). A negative correlation of PhA with glucose and TCO2 (r = −0.22 and −0.19; p = 0.009 and 0.025).
Fernández-Jiménez et al., 2022 [11]	(a)n = 570 patients admitted to hospital for different causes; (b)65.0 years (IC: 53.0–74.0); (c)24.9 kg/m2 (IC: 22.0–28.1); (d)5.1 ° (IC: 4.1–6.1).	PhA cut-off for malnutrition diagnosis was 5.4°, 5.4° and 5.3°, in total sample, men and women, respectively.
Abe et al., 2021 [12]	(a)n = 129 patients with stroke; (b)75.2 ± 12.9 years; (c)22.8 ± 4.0 kg/m2; (d)5.27 ± 1.1°.	Independent association between low PhA (<5.62° in men and <4.54° in women) and physical function (β = 0.201, p < 0.017), after adjustment.
Shin et al., 2022 [13]	(a)n = 149 patients with end-stage CKD; (b)65.0 ± 11.0 years; (c)25.3 ± 3.0 kg/m2; (d)5.4 ± 1.1°.	Low PhA values were associated with the presence of sarcopenia, independent of age, sex, comorbidity index, eGFR, and uPCR (OR: 0.12; p = 0.001).
Han et al., 2018 [14]	(a)n = 160 patients with CKD stage 5; (b)56.9 ± 9.9 years; (c)24.7 ± 3.8 kg/m2; (d)4.70 ± 1.29°.	Association between PhA and nutritional status (GNRI > 98 score, β = 0.152, p = 0.037).
Han et al., 2019 [15]	(a)n = 219 patients with diabetic CKD stage 5; (b)60.3 ± 13.5 years; (c)24.8 ± 4.0 kg/m2; (d)4.31 ± 1.22°.	Albumin level (OR: 0.131; p < 0.001) was significantly associated with undernutrition (PhA < 4.17°) in the DMCKD5 group.
Silva et al., 2018 [16]	(a)n = 50 patients for elective cardiac surgery; (b)62.8 ± 10.2 years; (c)NR; (d)Preoperative, 6.5° to 6.8°; hospital discharge, 5.9° to 6.3°; and postoperative, 5.8° to 6.2°.	The mechanical ventilation time and European system for cardiac operative risk (EuroSCORE) were inversely associated with PhA in all three assessments (p = 0.05).
de Oliveira-Filho et al., 2020 [17]	(a)n = 78 obese and 411 eutrophic subjects; (b)16.2 ± 0.9 years; (c)Obese, 28.6 ± 3.4 kg/m2; eutrophic, 20.1 ± 2.2 kg/m2; (d)6.9 ± 0.9°.	Obese subjects had a higher PhA in comparison with eutrophic subjects (6.9 ± 0.9° vs. 6.5 ± 0.8°; p = 0.003).
Jun et al., 2021 [18]	(a)n = 217 Korean adults; (b)≥40 years; (c)25.9 ± 3.9 kg/m2; (d)5.18 to 5.98°.	Decrease in PhA with respect to age in DMT2 vs. control group. Decrease in PhA in patients with DMT2, and the changes were exacerbated over the disease duration.
Chen et al., 2020 [19]	(a)n = 271 non-NAFLD, and 682 NAFLD subjects; (b)44.0 ± 9.7 years; (c)28.4 ± 3.1 kg/m2; (d)5.5 ± 0.65°.	NAFLD subjects had a higher PhA in comparison with non-NAFLD subjects (5.53 ± 0.66° vs. 5.43 ± 0.60°; p = 0.04). Association between PhA and the risk of NAFLD, after adjustment (OR = 1.40, p = 0.03).
Fu et al., 2022 [20]	(a)n = 1729 overweight and obese subjects; (b)34.6 ± 10.7 years; (c)33.7 ± 6.4 kg/m2; (d)5.5 ± 0.6°.	BMI, sex, and age were associated with PhA (β = 0.006, 0.629, −0.014, respectively; p < 0.05).
Streb et al., 2020 [21]	(a)n = 69 obese subjects; (b)34.6 ± 7.1 years; (c)33.5 ± 2.8, kg/m2; (d)5.8 ± 0.6°.	An increase of 1% point in body fat representing a reduction of 0.065° in PhA, after adjustment (p < 0.001).
Ferreira et al., 2018 [22]	(a)n = 86 renal transplant recipient subjects, and 86 subjects in the comparison group; (b)45 to 70 years; (c)25 to 35 kg/m2; (d)6.1° (5.6 to 7.0).	PhA was inversely and significantly correlated with waist-to-height ratio and body shape index, r = −0.22, −0.21, respectively; p < 0.05.
Sarmento-Dias et al., 2017 [23]	(a)n = 61 patients with end-stage CKD; (b)48 ± 13 years; (c)NR; (d)NR.	Low PhA (<6°) had higher CRP, AI, and SCS values, and lower serum albumin and fetuin-A levels compared with patients with high PhA (≥6°). Association between PhA and arterial stiffness, after adjustment (β = −0.266, p = 0.088).

Abbreviations: PhA: phase angle; BUN: blood urea nitrogen; BMI: body mass index; NR: not reported; CKD: chronic kidney disease; Xc: reactance; R: resistance; NAFLD: non-alcoholic fatty liver disease; T2D: type 2 diabetes; CRP: C-reactive protein; AI: augmentation index; SCS: simple vascular calcification score.