Table 2.
Summary of clinical trials.
| Reference | Sample Size | Supplementation | Results |
|---|---|---|---|
| [124] | n = 20 | 8 caps, 400 mg each, of grapeseed and olive extract (hydroxytyrosol and procyanidins content) | Venous blood collected post-ingestion showed peak metabolic concentration at 100 min with reduction in IL-1β and inflammatory cytokines |
| [79] | n = 124 (62 control, 62 treatment) |
One capsule of 50 mg oleuropein twice a day | Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) determined significantly reduced walking pain in subjects |
| [131] | n = 22 | 6 caps, 42 mg each, of bio-optimized curcumin per day | Significant reduction in Coll2-1 and insignificant pain alleviation |
| [140] | n = 110 (55 control, 55 treatment) |
15 mg meloxicam + 500 mg resveratrol once daily | Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC) scores indicated significant improvement in pain, stiffness, and physical function |
| [141] | n = 82 (32 control, 50 treatment) |
15 mg meloxicam + 500 mg resveratrol once daily | WOMAC scoring indicated no significant clinical relief with minimal difference in IL-1β, TNF-α, and IL-6 serum level |
| [145] | n = 120 (60 control, 60 treatment) |
One capsule of 500 mg powdered ginger twice daily | At 3 months, there was a significant reduction in IL-1β and TNF-α concentrations in the treatment group |
| [146] | n = 120 (60 control, 60 treatment) |
One capsule of 500 mg powdered ginger twice daily | At 3 months, there was a significant reduction in serum nitric oxide and hs-C reactive protein levels in the treatment group |
| [147] | n = 68 (34 control, 34 treatment) |
Knee massage with ginger oil twice a week | WOMAC scoring and visual analog scale (VAS) determined significant clinical relief in pain, stiffness, and function in treatment group |
| [96] | n = 99 (33 control, 33 low-dose, 33 high-dose) |
Low-dose: 300 mg of Elaeagnus angustifolia extract with kaempferol administered as syrup in two doses per day High-dose: 600 mg of Elaeagnus Angustifolia extract with kaempferol administered as syrup in two doses per day |
WOMAC, VAS, and Leguesne’s Pain-Function Index (LPFI), and Patient’s Global Assessment (PGA) all indicated improvement for both dosages after 7 weeks. Low and high dosages exhibited significant reduction in pain and stiffness while only high dose exhibited improvement in physical function |
| [106] | n = 40 (20 control, 20 treatment) |
6 tablets of 1200 mg glucosamine hydrochloride, 60 mg chondroitin sulfate and 45 mg quercetin glycosides per day | After 16 weeks, treatment group experienced pain alleviation with walking and ascending/descending the stairs, per Japan Orthopaedic Association (JOA) criteria. Type II collagen levels were preserved, although not significant |
| [158] | n = 67 (34 control, 33 treatment) |
Pycnogenol patch was applied to affected joint | Treatment group experienced reduced dependence on non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, improved OA symptoms, and significant reduction in C-reactive protein (CRP) and erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) |
| [159] | n = 100 (50 control, 50 treatment) |
150 mg Pycnogenol per day with meals | WOMAC and VAS criteria determined the treatment group experienced significant reduction in pain by the first month, while maximum effect was seen by the second month |
| [111] | n = 33 (17 control, 16 treatment) |
2 capsules of Pycnogenol, 50 mg each, twice daily | Supplementation was well tolerated and distributed into the synovial fluid of OA patients |
| [110] | N = 33 (17 control, 16 treatment) |
100 mg Pycnogenol twice a day | Treatment group saw reduced expression of IL-1β, MMP-3, MMP-13, and ADAMTS5 levels in the serum after 3 weeks |
| [160] | n = 55 (26 control, 29 treatment) |
2 tablets, 50 mg Pycnogenol each, per day | After 3 weeks, the treatment group experienced significant reduction in CRP levels and plasma free radicals |
| [118] | n = 40 | Oral formulation including piperine given over one month span | After 2 months, participants experienced significant reduction in pain via WOMAC scoring and no side effects/good tolerability |