Figure 8.

Strategies to improve the efficacy of antibody-based drugs for cerebral ischemia. The over-activation of immunological responses by the antibody drugs could cause serious biological and clinical consequences. The recent development of fully human or humanized antibodies has greatly reduced the risk for inducing exaggerated immune responses compared to the mouse or chimeric antibodies. Meanwhile, bivalent conjugation of an antibody of BBB enriched receptors, such as TfR, LDLRP, or NACR, with the target antibody drug could significantly increase the efficacy of receptor-mediated transport of antibodies into the brain. Nanoparticles or liposomes, which prevent the degradation of antibody drugs and show better efficacy in BBB penetration, can be used as vehicles to transport the antibody into the brain after cerebral ischemia.