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. 2022 Dec 29;15(1):122. doi: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15010122

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© 2022 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Treatment flow chart in different PDR scenarios. DEX-implant: dexamethasone implant; DME: diabetic macular edema; PDR: proliferative diabetic retinopathy; PPV: pars plana vitrectomy; PRP: panretinal photocoagulation; VEGF: vascular endothelial growth factor; VH: vitreous hemorrhage. If starting anti-VEGF for DME, PRP can be deferred since the same anti-VEGF may control both DME and PDR. Consider factors such as risk of non-compliance, treatment cost, and treatment burden. Cases with TRD should not receive only anti-VEGF therapy due to increased traction progression risk. However, anti-VEGF injection can be applied a few days before PPV is performed to decrease intraoperative and postoperative VH.