Table 2.

Probiotics used to treat Campylobacter infections in chickens (modified from [100]).

Probiotic Strain	Type of Probiotics	Administration	Campylobacter Strain/Dose	Effect on Campylobacter Colonization	Reference
Single strain	Escherichia coli Nissle 1917	Two-weeks pre-harvest	Cocktail of six C. jejuni strains	Up to 2.6 log10 reduction	[101]
	Lactobacillus salivarius SMXD51	Administered at day 1 then every 2–3 days until 35 days orally	C. jejuni C97ANSES640 (1 × 104 CFU)	0.8 log10 at 14 days and 2.81 log10 at 35 days	[102]
	Lactobacillus plantarum PA18A	Day 1 and 4 orally	C. jejuni strain 12/2 (1 × 104 CFU)	1 log10 reduction	[103]
	Lactobacillus gasseri SBT2055 LG2055 WTCM, Δapf1 and Δapf2 mutant strains	Day 2–14 orally	C. jejuni 81–176 (1 × 106 CFU)	WTCM and Δapf2: Up to 270-fold reduction Δapf1: No reduction	[104]
	Lactobacillus gasseri SBT2055	Day 2–14 orally	C. jejuni 81–176 (1 × 106 CFU)	250-fold reduction	[105]
	Lactobacillusacidophilus NCFM or Lactobacillus crispatus JCM5810 or Lactobacillus gallinarum ATCC or Lactobacillus helveticus CNRZ32	Day 1 and 4 orally	C. jejuni F38011 (1 × 108 CFU)	Around 2 log10 reduction	[106]
	Calsporin® (Bacillus subtilis C-3102) Ecobiol® (Bacillus amyloliquefaciens CECT 5940)	Day 1 and 42 in feed	C. jejuni C97ANSES640 (1 × 104 CFU)	Calsporin®: 0.25 log10 reduction on day 14 and 1.7 log10 on day 42 Ecobiol®: 1.12 log10 on day 35 and 1.2 log10 on day 42	[107]
	Bacillus subtilis DSM 17299 or Saccharomyces cerevisiae boulardii	Day 21–42 in feed	C. jejuni ST45 (1 × 104 CFU)	B. subtilis: No reduction S. cerevisiae: Up to 0.3 log10 reduction	[108]
	Bacillus spp. (10 isolates individually tested)	Day 1 orally or intracloacally	C. jejuni cocktail of 4 strains (2.5 × 106 CFU)	Intracloacally: 1–3 log10 Orally: 1 log10 for only 1 isolate	[109]
	Calsporin® (Bacillus subtilis C-3102)	Day 1–42 in feed	Fecal contamination during processing	0.2 log10 reduction on chicken carcasses	[110]
	Enterococcus faecalis MB 5259	Day 1–21 orally	C. jejuni MB 4185 (KC 40) (2 × 104 CFU)	0.4 log10 in only one of the groups received 104 CFU E. faecalis No reduction in the chickens received 108 CFU E. faecalis	[111]
	Enterococcus faecium NCIMB 11508	Day 1 and 28 orally	Naturally infected	No reduction in the relative abundance of Campylobacter	[112]
	Microencapsulated Bifidobacterium longum PCB133 + oligosaccharides	Day 1–14 in feed	Naturally infected	Up to 1.4 log10	[113]
	Bifidobacterium longum PCB 133	Day 1–15 intraesophageally	Naturally infected	1 log10 reduction	[114]
Multi-strain	Avian Pac Soluble (Lactobacillus acidophilus + Streptococcus faecium)	Day 1–3 in drinking water	C. jejuni C101 (2.7 × 104 CFU)	Two-thirds reduction in C. jejuni shedding	[115]
	Bacillus spp.+ Lactobacillus salivarius subsp. salivarius + L. salivarius sub sp. salicinius	Day 1 orally	C. jejuni cocktail of 4 strains (2.5 × 106 CFU)	1–2 log10 in only one of 3 trials	[116]
	PrimaLac (Lactobacillus acidophilus + Lactobacillus casei + Bifidobacterium thermophilus + Enterococcus faecium)	Day 1–42 in feed	Naturally infected	12% reduction of C. jejuni presence	[117]
	K-bacteria + competitive exclusion Broilact ®	Day 1–38 in drinking water	C. jejuni T23/42 (1.3 × 104 CFU)	Up to 2 log10	[118]
	PoultryStar sol ® (Enterococcus faecium + Pediococcus acidilactici + Bifidobacterium animalis + Lactobacillus salivarius + Lactobacillus reuteri)	Day 1–15 in drinking water	C. jejuni 3015/2010 (1 × 104 CFU)	≥ 6 log10	[119]
	Lactobacillus paracasei J.R + Lactobacillus rhamnosus 15b + Lactococcus lactis Y + Lactococcus lactis FOa	Day 1–42 in drinking water	Naturally infected	Up to 5 log10	[120]
	Lavipan (multispecies probiotic): Lactococcus lactis IBB 500, Carnobacterium divergens S-1, Lactobacillus casei OCK 0915, L0915, L. plantarum OCK 0862, and Saccharomyces cerevisiae OCK 0141	Day 1–37 in feed	Naturally infected	<1 log10	[121]
	Citrobacter diversus 22 + Klebsiella pneumonia 23 + Escherichia coli 25 + mannose	Day 1 and 3 orally	C. jejuni 108 (1 × 108 CFU)	Up to 70 % reduction	[122]