Abbreviation	Word or Phrase in Full
5Me-THF	5-methyltetrahydro-folate
ACC	acetyl-CoA carboxylase
AMPK	AMP-activated protein kinase
AICAR	5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide riboside
AhR	aryl hydrocarbon receptor
AREs	antioxidant-responsive elements
APPL1	adaptor protein, phosphotyrosine interacting with PH domain and leucine zipper 1
Arg	arginine
ATP	adenosine triphosphate
AT-1	angiotensin II type 1
BAT	brown adipose tissue
COX4	cytochrome c oxidase subunit 4
CVD	cardiovascular diseases
Dio2	deiodinase 2
DMD	Duchenne muscular dystrophy
ERK	extracellular signal-regulated kinase
ErbB4	Erb-B2 receptor tyrosine kinase 4
ET-B	endothelin B
FOXO1	forkhead box protein O1
Gln	glutamine
Glu	glutamicacid
GLUT4	glucose transporter 4
GLP-1	glucagon-like peptide 1
Gly	glycine
IFN-β	interferon-β
IL-6	interleukin-6
IL-1β	interleukin-1β
IL-10	interleukin-10
Ile	isoleucine
JAK	janus activated kinase
JNK	c-Jun amino-terminal kinases
Leu	leucine
Lys	lysine
MDPs	mitochondrial-derived peptides
Met	methionine
MOTS-c	mitochondrial open reading frame of the 12S rRNA-c
mtDNA	mitochondrial DNA
mTORC1	mTOR complex 1
NAD	nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
NRG1	neuregulin1
NRF1	nuclear respiratory factor 1
Nrf2	nuclear factor-erythroid-2-related factor 2
NF-κB	nuclear factor-kappaB
OPG	osteoprotegerin
ORF	open reading frame
PGC1α	peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator 1α
Phe	phenylalanine
Pro	proline
RANKL	receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B ligand
ROS	reactive oxygen species
rRNA	ribosomal RNA
SHLP	small humanin-like peptides
Smad	sekelsky mothers against decapentaplegic
SIRT1	sirtuin 1
STAT1	signal transducer and activator of transcription 1
STAT3	signal transducer and activator of transcription 3
T1D	type 1 diabetes
T2D	type 2 diabetes
TCR	T cell receptor
TFAM	transcription factor A for mitochondria
TNF-α	tumor necrosis factor-α
TGF-β	transforming growth factor-β
tRNA	transfer RNA
Trp	tryptophan
Tyr	tyrosine
UCP1	uncoupling protein-1
WAT	white adipose tissue