Table 1.
Effect of geranylgeraniol (GGOH) and green tea polyphenols (GTP) on blood glucose and AUC during ipGTT and ipITT, serum insulin concentration, and pancreas insulin concentration.
| Parameters | -GGOH | +GGOH | Two-Way ANOVA p-Value | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| -GTP (Control) |
+GTP (TP) |
-GTP (GG) |
+GTP (GGTP) |
GGOH | GTP | GGOH×GTP | |
| Blood sugar (mg/dL) measured by ipGTT | |||||||
| 0 min | 186.3 ± 9.5 | 168.1 ± 9.5 | 166.6 ± 8.8 | 169.8 ± 9.5 | 0.343 | 0.433 | 0.263 |
| 15 min | 506.2 ± 24.6 | 492.3 ± 24.6 | 476.0 ± 22.8 | 483.0 ± 24.6 | 0.423 | 0.889 | 0.671 |
| 30 min | 542.0 ± 17.8 | 510.6 ± 17.8 | 553.1 ± 16.5 | 540.0 ± 17.8 | 0.260 | 0.218 | 0.609 |
| 60 min | 512.3 a ± 34.3 | 504.7 a ± 34.3 | 427.4 b ± 31.7 | 439.8 b ± 34.3 | 0.037 | 0.945 | 0.769 |
| 120 min | 369.3 ax ± 20.2 | 255.0 ay ± 20.2 | 243.6 bx ± 18.7 | 207.3 by ± 20.2 | <0.001 | 0.001 | 0.062 |
| AUC | 57125 ax ± 2009 | 49374 ay ± 1835 | 50496 bx ± 1835 | 46680 by ± 1834 | 0.023 | 0.006 | 0.308 |
| Blood glucose (mg/dL) measured by ipITT | |||||||
| 0 min | 171.1 ± 7.4 | 162.7 ± 7.4 | 161.1 ± 6.9 | 166.1 ± 6.9 | 0.651 | 0.809 | 0.354 |
| 15 min | 88.6 ± 7.9 | 93.1 ± 7.9 | 95.7 ± 7.3 | 85.7 ± 7.3 | 0.979 | 0.722 | 0.352 |
| 30 min | 81.8 ± 5.5 | 75.7 ± 5.5 | 81.0 ± 5.1 | 80.3 ± 5.1 | 0.724 | 0.523 | 0.612 |
| 60 min | 68.7x ± 6.3 | 53.0 y ± 6.3 | 63.9 x ± 5.8 | 53.3 y ± 5.8 | 0.713 | 0.042 | 0.679 |
| 120 min | 90.8 ax ± 6.5 | 74.0 ay ± 7.1 | 74.1 bx ± 6.5 | 58.9 by ± 6.0 | 0.025 | 0.024 | 0.909 |
| AUC | 9313 ± 464 | 8214 ± 430 | 8143 ± 464 | 7630 ± 430 | 0.063 | 0.085 | 0.519 |
| Serum insulin (ng/mL) | 13.2 y ± 1.8 | 37.0 x ± 1.9 | 14.0y ± 1.9 | 36.7x ± 1.8 | 0.897 | <0.001 | 0.762 |
| Pancreas insulin (μg/mL) | 341.4 ± 25.4 | 305.6 ± 27.1 | 341.0 ± 25.4 | 334.1 ± 25.4 | 0.591 | 0.415 | 0.579 |
Different letters (a and b for GGOH effect; x and y for GTP effect) are significantly different by two-way ANOVA (p < 0.05). Values are mean (n = 12/group) with the standard error of mean (SEM). Group assignment includes control group (high-fat diet group); TP group (high-fat diet and green tea polyphenols at 0.5% (v/w in drinking water)); GG group (high-fat diet and geranylgeraniol at 400 mg/kg diet); GGTP (high-fat diet, geranylgeraniol, and green tea polyphenols). AUC, area under the curve.