Table 2.
Effects of GGOH and GTP supplementation on bone parameters.
| Parameters | -GGOH | +GGOH | Two-Way ANOVA p-Value | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| -GTP (Control) |
+GTP (TP) |
-GTP (GG) |
+GTP (GGTP) |
GGOH | GTP | GGOH×GTP | |
| Serum bone biomarkers | |||||||
| P1NP (ng/mL) | 22.3 ± 0.9 | 20.5 ± 1.0 | 21.2 ± 0.9 | 20.6 ± 0.9 | 0.604 | 0.227 | 0.561 |
| CTX (ng/mL) | 21.3 A ± 1.6 | 14.0 B ± 1.7 | 14.2 B ± 1.6 | 13.8 B ± 1.5 | 0.031 | 0.022 | 0.041 |
| LV-4 (trabecular bone) | |||||||
| BV/TV (%) | 17.5 ± 0.9 | 18.1 ± 0.1 | 18.4 ± 0.1 | 16.7 ± 0.1 | 0.814 | 0.552 | 0.213 |
| Tb.N (mm−1) | 5.36 b ± 0.09 | 5.40 b ± 0.09 | 5.53 a ± 0.09 | 5.63 a ± 0.09 | 0.033 | 0.450 | 0.740 |
| Tb.Th (mm) | 0.044 y ± 0.001 | 0.044 x ± 0.001 | 0.041 y ± 0.001 | 0.046 x ± 0.001 | 0.280 | 0.038 | 0.110 |
| Tb.Sp (mm) | 0.185 a ± 0.003 | 0.185 a ± 0.003 | 0.176 b ± 0.003 | 0.177 b ± 0.003 | 0.019 | 0.990 | 0.948 |
| Conn.Dn (mm−3) | 167.7 C ± 10.4 | 179.4 B ± 10.9 | 221.1 A ± 10.9 | 186.8 B ± 10.4 | 0.006 | 0.295 | 0.036 |
| SMI | 1.702 A ± 0.115 | 1.622 A ± 0.120 | 1.242 B ± 0.120 | 1.639 A ± 0.115 | 0.067 | 0.186 | 0.049 |
| Distal femur (trabecular bone) | |||||||
| BV/TV (%) | 7.043 ± 0.924 | 7.255 ± 0.924 | 9.462 ± 0.850 | 7.255 ± 0.924 | 0.189 | 0.278 | 0.189 |
| Tb.N (mm−1) | 3.397 ± 0.146 | 3.543 ± 0.146 | 3.663 ± 0.134 | 3.543 ± 0.146 | 0.357 | 0.928 | 0.357 |
| Tb.Th (mm) | 0.048 ± 0.002 | 0.047 ± 0.002 | 0.051 ± 0.002 | 0.047 ± 0.002 | 0.422 | 0.199 | 0.422 |
| Tb.Sp (mm) | 0.300 ± 0.014 | 0.288 ± 0.014 | 0.270 ± 0.013 | 0.288 ± 0.013 | 0.268 | 0.821 | 0.268 |
| Conn.Dn (mm−3) | 28.23 ± 8.26 | 36.60 ± 8.26 | 50.43 ± 7.59 | 36.60 ± 8.26 | 0.178 | 0.737 | 0.178 |
| SMI | 2.983 A ± 0.113 | 2.911 A ± 0.113 | 2.588 B ± 0.104 | 2.911 A ± 0.113 | 0.080 | 0.260 | 0.080 |
| Femur mid-diaphysis (cortical bone) | |||||||
| B.Ar (mm2) | 0.990 ± 0.031 | 0.985 ± 0.029 | 0.981 ± 0.028 | 1.012 ± 0.029 | 0.753 | 0.660 | 0.556 |
| Me.Ar (%) | 51.71 ± 0.64 | 51.69 ± 0.62 | 51.83 ± 0.59 | 50.50 ± 0.61 | 0.385 | 0.280 | 0.297 |
| Ct.Th (mm) | 0.212 ± 0.004 | 0.210 ± 0.004 | 0.212 ± 0.004 | 0.216 ± 0.004 | 0.537 | 0.813 | 0.457 |
Different letters (a and b for GGOH effect; x and y for GTP effect; A and B for interaction effect) are significantly different by two-way ANOVA and Fisher’s LSD test (p < 0.05). Values are mean (n = 12/group) with the standard error of mean (S.E.M.). Group assignment includes control group (high-fat diet group); TP group (high-fat diet and green tea polyphenols at 0.5% (v/w in drinking water)); GG group (high-fat diet and geranylgeraniol at 400 mg/kg diet); GGTP (high-fat diet, geranylgeraniol, and green tea polyphenols). Abbreviation: geranylgeraniol, GGOH; green tea polyphenols, GTP; BV//TV, bone volume/total volume, B.Ar, cross-sectional bone area; Conn.Dn, connectivity density; Ct.Th; cortical thickness, Me.Ar, cross-sectional marrow area; T.Ar, cross-sectional total area; Tb.N, trabecular number; Tb.Sp, trabecular separation; Tb.Th, trabecular thickness; SMI, structure model index.