Table 1.

Summary of the impacts of HIV infection and treatment on chromosomal integrity based on studies with humans.

Country	Cell Type Investigated	Main Findings	References
Brazil	Exfoliated oral cells	Increased mean of single MN in cells of controls compared to those of HIV-infected individuals; non-significant increase in the occurrence of multiple micronuclei in cells of HIV group compared to controls	Lima et al. [32]
South Africa	Blood cells	MN frequencies were significantly higher in irradiated lymphocytes from HIV-infected individuals compared to controls	Baeyens et al. [33]; Herd et al. [34]; Herd et al. [35]
Italy	Blood cells	Increased MN frequency in the HIV-infected group (HCV co-infection and HIV-RNA load being risk factors for increased MN frequency); HIV-infected individuals with undetectable viremia showed reduced MN frequency compared to those with uncontrolled viremia	Zizza et al. [36]
USA	Reticulocytes	A 10-fold increase in micronucleated reticulocyte frequencies was observed in mothers and children pre-natal with zidovudine-based ART compared to controls	Witt et al. [42]
India	Exfoliated oral cells	HIV-infected individuals showed significantly increased in MN rate (~two-fold) compared to controls	Shah et al. [43]
Mexico	Exfoliated oral cells	Higher frequencies of binucleated cells and nuclear buds in both HIV-infected ART-naive individuals and HIV-infected individuals undergoing ART compared to HIV-negative controls; karyorrhexis, binucleated cells, and nuclear buds were found to be increased in a subgroup of HIV-infected individuals receiving RTIs as ART compared to controls	Gutiérrez-Sevilla et al. [44]
Mexico	Exfoliated oral cells	Increased frequency of MN and other nuclear abnormalities in HIV-infected individuals undergoing ART compared to controls	Lazarde-Ramos et al. [54]

MN: micronucleus. RTIs: reverse transcriptase inhibitors.