Table 2.
Epidemiological, clinical characteristics, and treatment outcomes of the patients with M. romeroi phaeohyphomycosis in the literature.
| Demographics | Clinical Characteristics | Treatment | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (Years) /Sex |
Country of Occurrence | Country of Origin * | Last Travel (Years) ** |
Site | Clinical Presentation |
IS Duration (mo) ‡ |
Comorbidities | 1st Line | Outcome | 2nd Line | Outcome | 3rd Line | Outcome | Follow-Up (mo) |
Reference |
| 45/M | France | Senegal | 6 | Leg | Subcutaneous swelling, sinuses |
20 | IM steroids, multibacillary leprosy | Surgery ITC (4 mo) |
Cured | - | - | - | - | 12 | [31] |
| 54/M | France | Ghana | NA | Hallux | Subcutaneous swelling | 36 | SOT, diabetes |
VRC (6 mo) | Failure | VRC + CAS | Failure | Surgery | NA | NA | [21] |
| 45/F | India | NA | NA | Forearm | Subcutaneous swelling/Verrucous plaque | 0 | None | Surgery | Cured | - | - | - | - | 12 | [29] |
| 43/M | UK | NA | NA | Arms Legs |
Nodules | 12 | SOT | LAMB | Stability | ITC (0.5 mth) | Stability | INF-γ (1.5 mth) IST withdrawal |
Cured | 20 | [16] |
| 47/F | Kuwait | India | 3 | Finger | Subcutaneous swelling | 34 | ALL Chemotherapy |
Surgery | Cured | - | - | - | - | 2 | [32] |
| 57/M | UK | Bangladesh | 8 | Knee | Subcutaneous swelling, sinuses | 8 | SOT | Surgery VRC (2 mths) |
Cured | - | - | - | - | 6 | [20] |
| 66/M | France | Central Africa | 10 | Heel | Verrucous nodule | 14 | SOT | Surgery IST reduction |
Cured | - | - | - | - | 9 | [25] |
| 78/M | Taiwan | NA | NA | Forearm | Papulopustular lesions | 72 | OS | Surgery ITC (6 mths) |
Failure | LAMB (0.75 mth) | Cured | - | - | 6 | [33] |
| 55/M | Singapore | NA | NA | Thigh | Nodule | 12 | SOT | Surgery | Failure | ITC (36 mths) | Stability | - | - | 36 | [34] |
| 25/F | India | NA | NA | Eye | Red painful eye | 0 | None | FLU (4 wks) | Failure | Topical VRC + Oral KTC (0.5 mth) |
Failure | Surgery Intravitreal VRC Intravitreal AMB |
Cured | 6 | [22] |
| 50/F | India | NA | NA | Foot | Subcutaneous swelling | 12 | Diabetes | Surgery ITC (0.5 mth) |
Cured | - | - | - | - | 3 | [35] |
| 63/M | USA | NA | NA | Knee | Nodular plaque & sinuses | NA | SOT | Surgery VRC (1 mth) |
Failure | Surgery | NA | - | - | NA | [18] |
| 27/F | Belgium | Gambia | NA | Hallux | Wound | 12 | SOT | Topical TRB (9 mths) IST reduction |
NA | - | - | - | - | NA | [28] |
| 61/F | India | NA | NS | Index | Subcutaneous swelling | 120 | OS and MTX for RA |
Surgery ITC (3 mths) IST reduction |
Cured | - | - | - | - | 6 | [26] |
| 88/M | UK | NA | NA | Hand | Nodule | NS | OS for sarcoidosis, LAD, COPD |
Surgery | Cured | - | - | - | - | 0.33 | [36] |
| 47/F | France | Benin | NA | Foot | Subcutaneous swelling | 12 | Diabetes | Surgery | Cured | - | - | - | - | 24 | [37] |
| 59/F | France | Sri Lanka | NA | Foot | Subcutaneous swelling | NA | Diabetes, OS for polymyalgia rheumatica |
Surgery | Cured | - | - | - | - | 96 | [2] |
| 73/F | France | India | NA | Foot and leg | Subcutaneous swelling | NA | OS for Giant cell arteritis |
Surgery VRC (0.75 mth) |
Cured | - | - | - | - | 84 | |
| 65/M | France | West Africa | NA | Knee | Abscess | NA | SOT | POS (1 mth) | Cured | - | - | - | - | 72 | |
| 53/M | France | Pakistan | NA | Foot | Abscess | NA | SOT | POS (0.5 mth) | Failure | Surgery LAMB (2 mths) |
Cured | - | - | 10 | |
| 43/M | India | NA | NA | Thigh, leg, toe | Nodules, sinuses |
6 | SOT Diabetes |
TRB + ITC (2 mths) IST reduction |
Failure | Surgery VRC |
Stability | - | - | NA | [27] |
| 48/M | India | NA | NA | Foot | Nodule | 3 | Diabetes, lepromatous leprosy | Surgery ITC |
NA | - | - | - | - | NA | [38] |
| 68/F | UK | Nepal | NA | Foot, toes |
Multiple nodules | NA | SOT Diabetes |
Surgery LAMB (1 mth) then VRC (4–12 mths) |
Cured | - | - | - | - | NA | [43] |
| 18/M | USA | NA | NA | Liver and lung | Abscess | NA | CGD | NA | Died | - | - | - | - | NA | [24] |
| 65/M | Spain | India | 1 | Foot | Nodule | 1 | SOT, Diabetes |
Surgery POS (1 mth) |
Cured | - | - | - | - | 48 | [19] |
| 56/F | Spain | Pakistan | 4 | Index | Abscess | 24 | SOT, Diabetes |
Surgery VRC (6 mths) |
Cured | - | - | - | - | 36 | |
| 80/M | Thailand | NA | NA | Foot | Nodule | 48 | Diabetes | Surgery Glycemic control |
Cured | - | - | - | - | 9 | [39] |
| 65/F | USA | Philippines | NA | Foot | Subcutaneous swelling | 72 | SOT | Surgery VRC then POS (3 mths) |
Cured | - | - | - | - | 24 | [1] |
| 33/M | France | Bangladesh | NA † | Knee | Monoarthritis | NA | None | Surgery POS |
NA | - | - | - | - | NA | [3] |
| NA/M | France | Senegal | NS | Knee | Subcutaneous swelling | NA | Diabetes, CRF |
Surgery | NA | - | - | - | - | NA | |
| 27/F | India | NA | NA | Buttock | Nodule | NA | IM steroids for ITP | Surgery | NA | - | - | - | - | NA | [40] |
| 30/M | France | Guinea | 9 | Hallux | Nodule | 15 | SOT | VRC (2 mths) | Failure | Surgery VRC (0.5 mth) |
Cured | - | - | 6 | [41] |
| 60/M | India | NA | NA | Legs, buttocks | Nodules, sinuses | 12 | OS for RA | AMBD + CAS | Failure | ITC | Failure (death) |
- | - | NA | [30] |
| 78/F | Taiwan | NA | NA | Arm | Subcutaneous nodules | 180 | OS for RA | ITC (2 mths) | Failure | - | - | - | - | NA | [42] |
| 40/M | India | NA | NA | Foot | Subcutaneous swelling | 78 | Diabetes | Surgery ITC (1.5 mths) |
Cured | - | - | - | - | 3 | [45] |
| 62/M | India | NA | NA | Foot | Subcutaneous swelling | 0 | None | Surgery ITC (0.75 mths) |
Cured | - | - | - | - | 6 | [44] |
| 64/M | USA | Laos | NA | Eye | Painful red eye | 0 | None | ITC (4 mths) Topical VRC Intravitreal AMB |
Failure | VRC | Failure | Surgery VRC |
Cured | 3 | [23] |
| 56/F | France | Mali | 4 | Finger | Subcutaneous nodule | 15 | OS, RTX, MMF for Dermatomyositis Diabetes |
Surgery | Relapse | TRB, POS (5 mths) |
Stability | Surgery POS (3 mo) |
Relapse | 12 | Current case |
Abbreviations: AMBD: Amphotericin B deoxycholate, ALL: acute lymphoblastic leukemia, CAS: Caspofungin, CGD: chronic granulomatous disease, COPD: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, d: day, EVE: Everolimus, F: female, IST immunosuppressive therapy, INF-γ: interferon gamma, IM: intramuscular, ITP: idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura, IVIG: intravenous immunoglobulins, ITC: Itraconazole, LAD: Linear IgA dermatosis, LAMB: liposomal Amphotericin B, M: male, mth: month, MMF: mycophenolate mofetil, MTX: Methotrexate, NA: not available, OS: oral steroids, POS: Posaconazole, RA: rheumatoid arthritis, RTX: Rituximab, SOT: solid organ transplantation, Tac: Tacrolimus, TRB: Terbinafine, Tx: treatment, VRC: Voriconazole, yr: year, we: week. * Origin for migrants; ** Duration (yr) between last travel to tropical/subtropical country and the onset of disease; ‡ before the onset of symptoms; † The patient already had a knee abscess when he came to France.