Table 1.
Baseline characteristics for patients with type 2 diabetes, along with matched controls from the general population.
| Type 2 diabetes | Matched controls | Diabetes < 45 |
Diabetes 45–54 |
Diabetes 55–64 |
Diabetes 65–74 |
Diabetes > 75 |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Number of study participants | 617,000 | 2,303,391 | 43,599 | 87,665 | 196,498 | 168,450 | 120,788 |
| Sex = Women (%) | 271,092 (43.9) | 1,108,812 (48.1) | 18,447 (42.3) | 33,049 (37.7) | 79,092 (40.3) | 74,420 (44.2) | 66,084 (54.7) |
| Age (mean (SD)) | 63.61 (12.45) | 61.29 (12.53) | 37.58 (6.15) | 50.12 (2.81) | 60.15 (2.62) | 69.25 (2.84) | 80.59 (4.57) |
| < 45 | 43,599 (7.1) | 219,045 (9.5) | |||||
| 45–54 | 87,665 (14.2) | 403,697 (17.5) | |||||
| 55–64 | 196,498 (31.8) | 790,319 (34.3) | |||||
| 65–74 | 168,450 (27.3) | 553,558 (24.0) | |||||
| > 75 | 120,788 (19.6) | 336,772 (14.6) | |||||
| Education (%) | |||||||
| Pre-secondary education ≤ 9 years | 268,392 (43.5) | 785,639 (34.1) | 12,190 (28.0) | 22,502 (25.7) | 87,786 (44.7) | 73,716 (43.8) | 72,198 (59.8) |
| Secondary education > 9 to 12 years | 244,652 (39.7) | 910,017 (39.5) | 21,883 (50.2) | 45,827 (52.3) | 75,058 (38.2) | 66,254 (39.3) | 35,630 (29.5) |
| Post-secondary education ≥ 12 years | 103,956 (16.8) | 607,735 (26.4) | 9526 (21.8) | 19,336 (22.1) | 33,654 (17.1) | 28,480 (16.9) | 12,960 (10.7) |
| Marital status (%) | |||||||
| Married | 308,334 (50.0) | 1,154,156 (50.1) | 17,786 (40.8) | 43,574 (49.7) | 90,005 (45.8) | 100,217 (59.5) | 56,752 (47.0) |
| Ethnicity = Scandinavia (%) | 512,336 (83.0) | 2,052,023 (89.1) | 28,078 (64.4) | 63,552 (72.5) | 157,999 (80.4) | 150,981 (89.6) | 111,726 (92.5) |
| Income family (IQR) (%) | |||||||
| IQR 1 | 182,936 (29.6) | 520,554 (22.6) | 12,165 (27.9) | 19,660 (22.4) | 35,806 (18.2) | 52,432 (31.1) | 62,873 (52.1) |
| IQR 2 | 173,826 (28.2) | 550,836 (23.9) | 12,508 (28.7) | 22,244 (25.4) | 42,619 (21.7) | 55,706 (33.1) | 40,749 (33.7) |
| IQR 3 | 149,168 (24.2) | 589,482 (25.6) | 9787 (22.4) | 19,853 (22.6) | 74,894 (38.1) | 33,582 (19.9) | 11,052 (9.1) |
| IQR4 | 111,070 (18.0) | 642,519 (27.9) | 9139 (21.0) | 25,908 (29.6) | 43,179 (22.0) | 26,730 (15.9) | 6114 (5.1) |
| Income (IQR) (%) | |||||||
| IQR 1 | 174,838 (28.3) | 494,745 (21.5) | 12,552 (28.8) | 18,509 (21.1) | 34,478 (17.5) | 53,408 (31.7) | 55,891 (46.3) |
| IQR 2 | 178,929 (29.0) | 532,630 (23.1) | 10,846 (24.9) | 21,283 (24.3) | 41,167 (21.0) | 58,913 (35.0) | 46,720 (38.7) |
| IQR 3 | 146,088 (23.7) | 606,775 (26.3) | 10,589 (24.3) | 22,210 (25.3) | 75,183 (38.3) | 27,108 (16.1) | 10,998 (9.1) |
| IQR4 | 117,145 (19.0) | 669,241 (29.1) | 9612 (22.0) | 25,663 (29.3) | 45,670 (23.2) | 29,021 (17.2) | 7179 (5.9) |
| Coronary heart disease = Yes (%) | 81,785 (13.3) | 121,506 (5.3) | 624 (1.4) | 5273 (6.0) | 22,087 (11.2) | 27,695 (16.4) | 26,106 (21.6) |
| Prior myocardial infarction = Yes (%) | 38,462 (6.2) | 52,348 (2.3) | 353 (0.8) | 2906 (3.3) | 10,800 (5.5) | 12,521 (7.4) | 11,882 (9.8) |
| Stroke = Yes (%) | 29,462 (4.8) | 56,678 (2.5) | 267 (0.6) | 1518 (1.7) | 6773 (3.4) | 9651 (5.7) | 11,253 (9.3) |
| Heart failure = Yes (%) | 22,596 (3.7) | 33,217 (1.4) | 301 (0.7) | 1375 (1.6) | 4845 (2.5) | 6576 (3.9) | 9499 (7.9) |
| Hypertension = Yes (%) | 162,063 (26.3) | 248,628 (10.8) | 3520 (8.1) | 14,662 (16.7) | 48,447 (24.7) | 52,293 (31.0) | 43,141 (35.7) |
| Peripheral arterial disease = Yes (%) | 11,501 (1.9) | 17,406 (0.8) | 39 (0.1) | 372 (0.4) | 2411 (1.2) | 4031 (2.4) | 4648 (3.8) |
| Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease = Yes (%) | 15,758 (2.6) | 39,749 (1.7) | 104 (0.2) | 837 (1.0) | 4248 (2.2) | 5889 (3.5) | 4680 (3.9) |
| Dementia = Yes (%) | 4249 (0.7) | 23,650 (1.0) | 12 (0.0) | 49 (0.1) | 431 (0.2) | 943 (0.6) | 2814 (2.3) |
| Alcoholism = Yes (%) | 16,715 (2.7) | 53,702 (2.3) | 1565 (3.6) | 3675 (4.2) | 6748 (3.4) | 3819 (2.3) | 908 (0.8) |
| End-stage kidney disease = Yes (%) | 12,492 (2.1) | 17,021 (0.9) | 551 (1.4) | 1235 (1.5) | 3313 (1.8) | 3642 (2.2) | 3751 (3.1) |
| Antihypertensive medication = Yes (%) | 364,740 (59.1) | 791,438 (34.4) | 19,513 (44.8) | 57,631 (65.7) | 136,157 (69.3) | 107,823 (64.0) | 43,616 (36.1) |
| Statin = Yes (%) | 310,954 (50.4) | 378,603 (16.4) | 20,162 (46.2) | 54,123 (61.7) | 119,813 (61.0) | 89,260 (53.0) | 27,596 (22.8) |
| Anti-coagulant medication = Yes (%) | 54,791 (8.9) | 149,191 (6.5) | 1279 (2.9) | 4855 (5.5) | 17,283 (8.8) | 20,829 (12.4) | 10,545 (8.7) |
| Antithrombotic medication = Yes (%) | 149,563 (24.2) | 270,257 (11.7) | 3945 (9.0) | 18,103 (20.7) | 54,126 (27.5) | 50,215 (29.8) | 23,174 (19.2) |
| Imputed baseline values for individuals with diabetes | |||||||
| Insulin method = 2 (%) | 2608 (0.4) | ||||||
| Age of onset of disease (y, mean (SD)) | 58.8 (14.8) | ||||||
| Duration of diabetes (y, mean (SD)) | 3.8 (6.1) | ||||||
| Glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) (mmol/L; mean (SD))* | 55.18 (17.01) | ||||||
| Smoker = Yes (%) | 104,717 (17.0) | ||||||
| Albuminuria (%) | |||||||
| No albuminuria | 494,607 (80.2) | ||||||
| Normalized value | 2690 (0.4) | ||||||
| Microalbuminuria (3–30) | 83,597 (13.5) | ||||||
| Macroalbuminuria (> 30) | 36,106 (5.9) | ||||||
| eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2, mean (SD)) | 85.2 (28.0) | ||||||
| Retinopathy = Yes (%) | 107,648 (17.4) | ||||||
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg, mean (SD)) | 138.2 (17.4) | ||||||
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg, mean (SD)) | 79.4 (9.99) | ||||||
| Total cholesterol (mmol/L, mean (SD)) | 5.09 (1.16) | ||||||
| High-density lipoprotein cholesterol (mmol/L, mean (SD)) | 1.28 (0.43) | ||||||
| Triglycerides (mmol/L, mean (SD)) | 2.04 (1.52) | ||||||
| LDL-cholesterol (mmol/L, mean (SD)) | 2.95 (0.99) | ||||||
| S-creatinine (mg/dL, mean (SD)) | 77.4 (27.4) | ||||||
| Body mass index (kg/m2, mean (SD)) | 30.27 (5.63) | ||||||
| Physical activity (%) | |||||||
| Never | 89,573 (14.5) | ||||||
| < 1 time/week | 91,688 (14.9) | ||||||
| 1–2 time/week | 123,238 (20.0) | ||||||
| 3–5 time/week | 133,085 (21.6) | ||||||
| 5 time/week | 179,416 (29.1) | ||||||
Values are mean (SD).
Income and eGFR is reported as median (inter quartile range [IQR]).
Glomerular filtration rate was estimated using the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease Study Equation.
Controls are individuals, matched for age, sex and county, who were randomly selected from the general population.
*Concentrations of glycated haemoglobin are based on values from the International Federation of Clinical Chemistry.