Table 1.
Baseline Characteristics by Pandemic
|
Characteristics |
Before Pandemic (n = 30,500 [80.30]) | During Pandemic (n = 7269 [19.70]) | P Value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age, y | 66 (58-73) | 66 (59-73) | .418 |
| DCI score | 41.90 (20.94-63.13) | 37.40 (15.72-61.92) | <.001 |
| Immunocompromised | 1080 (3.57) | 323 (4.32) | .002 |
| Peripheral arterial disease | 3851 (12.72) | 937 (12.52) | .648 |
| Hypertension | 25,534 (84.31) | 6451 (86.20) | <.001 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 12,811 (42.30) | 3357 (44.86) | <.001 |
| Prior stroke | 2614 (8.63) | 665 (8.89) | .484 |
| Cerebrovascular disease | 6083 (20.09) | 1683 (22.49) | <.001 |
| Race | <.001 | ||
| White | 24,881 (82.16) | 5860 (78.30) | |
| Black | 3643 (12.03) | 1023 (13.67) | |
| American Indian | 40 (0.13) | 14 (0.19) | |
| Asian | 930 (3.07) | 270 (3.61) | |
| Other | 791 (2.61) | 317 (4.24) | |
| Female | 8744 (28.87) | 1919 (25.64) | <.001 |
| Liver disease | 1250 (4.13) | 267 (3.57) | .027 |
| MELD score | 7.47 (6.40-8.92) | 7.47 (6.40-9.06) | .639 |
| Preop serum creatinine, mg/dL | 1.00 (0.80-1.20) | 0.99 (0.80-1.20) | .088 |
| Preop serum hemoglobin, mg/dL | 13.23 (11.97-14.30) | 13.53 (12.23-14.60) | <.001 |
| Preop serum WBC, ×109/L | 7.50 (6.10-9.10) | 7.53 (6.20-9.22) | .003 |
| Preop serum albumin, g/L | 3.80 (3.50-4.10) | 3.80 (3.50-4.20) | .071 |
| Body surface area, m2 | 2.88 (2.75-3.00) | 2.88 (2.78-3.01) | <.001 |
| End-stage renal disease | 787 (2.60) | 226 (3.02) | .044 |
| Current tobacco use | 6020 (19.88) | 1515 (20.24) | <.001 |
| Oxygen-dependent lung disease | 115 (0.38) | 50 (0.67) | <.001 |
| Chronic lung disease | 8810 (29.09) | 2129 (28.45) | .272 |
| Sleep apnea | 5299 (17.50) | 1397 (18.67) | .018 |
| Preop arrhythmia, within 30 days | 3032 (10.01) | 826 (11.04) | <.001 |
| Congestive heart failure | 10,077 (33.27) | 2756 (36.83) | <.001 |
| Previous PCI | 7263 (23.98) | 1838 (24.56) | .296 |
| Previous CABG | 825 (2.72) | 60 (0.80) | <.001 |
| Previous valve surgery | 807 (2.66) | 193 (2.58) | .679 |
| Prior myocardial infarction | 13,379 (44.18) | 3509 (46.89) | <.001 |
| Reoperative surgery | 1544 (5.10) | 210 (2.81) | <.001 |
| Aortic stenosis | 5793 (19.13) | 971 (12.97) | <.001 |
| Aortic regurgitation | 9835 (32.5) | 2371 (31.7) | .189 |
| Mitral stenosis | 876 (2.89) | 229 (3.06) | .442 |
| Mitral regurgitation | 20,666 (68.2) | 5763 (77.0) | <.001 |
| Tricuspid stenosis | 52 (0.17) | 9 (0.12) | .321 |
| Tricuspid regurgitation | 18,173 (60.01) | 5390 (72.02) | <.001 |
| Preop ejection fraction, % | 55 (48-60) | 58 (48-61) | .391 |
| Status | <.001 | ||
| Elective | 14,830 (48.97) | 3409 (45.55) | |
| Urgent | 14,555 (48.06) | 3907 (52.20) | |
| Emergent | 856 (2.83) | 157 (2.10) | |
| Emergent salvage | 44 (0.15) | 11 (0.15) | |
| Intraaortic balloon pump | 2060 (6.80) | 545 (7.28) | .142 |
| Procedure type | <.001 | ||
| AV replacement | 3513 (11.60) | 483 (6.45) | |
| AV replacement/CABG | 2183 (7.21) | 370 (4.94) | |
| Isolated CABG | 20,327 (67.12) | 5657 (75.59) | |
| MV repair | 1960 (6.47) | 368 (4.92) | |
| MV repair/CABG | 680 (2.25) | 125 (1.67) | |
| MV replacement/CABG | 353 (1.17) | 104 (1.39) | |
| MV replacement only | 1269 (4.19) | 377 (5.04) | |
| Cross-clamp time, min | 75 (58-94) | 76 (59-99) | <.001 |
| CPB time, min | 102 (79-127) | 101 (79-129) | .968 |
| Intraoperative blood products, units | 0 (0-2) | 0 (0-2) | <.001 |
| STS PROM, % | 2.53 (0.06-2.73) | 2.16 (0.06-2.21) | <.001 |
Values are median (interquartile range) or n (%).
AV, aortic valve; CABG, coronary artery bypass graft surgery; CPB, cardiopulmonary bypass; DCI, Distressed Communities Index; MELD, model for end-stage liver disease; MV, mitral valve; PCI, percutaneous coronary intervention; Preop, preoperative; PROM, predicted risk of mortality; STS, The Society of Thoracic Surgeons; WBC, white blood cells.