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. 2023 Jan 22;86:103553. doi: 10.1016/j.ijdrr.2023.103553

Tables 2.

Impacts and vulnerabilities of COVID-19 on indigenous people.

Types of vulnerabilities Impacts and vulnerabilities of COVID-19 on indigenous people
Economic & subsistence Threat of traditional livelihoods;
Loss of income generating activities;
Cannot sell and buy products in the market;
Crops/vegetables are rotten and damaged in the fields;
Price hiked and unable to buy necessary products;
Loss of jobs;
Impede to wave/knit and sell traditional dresses;
Deprivation of health-related services Limited access to expert doctors;
Limited access to hygienic material, i.e., masks, sanitizer, Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) etc.;
No medical health center in the locality;
Have to depend on traditional healers;
No facilities to COVID-19 test and contact-tracking system;
Have no awareness about diseases or risks of diseases;
Poor communication impedes to get medical treatment
Deprivation of education Deprivation from getting formal education;
Have limited access of online education through TV/internet;
Having less aware about getting education;
Poor network system to get access of internet/mobile;
Limited access to smart phone/computer/TV;
Less capability to meet educational expenditures;
Disruption of culture & tradition Disruption of cultural gathering such as harvesting crops, marriage ceremony, celebrating religious function, gossiping etc.;
Elderly people are the savior of traditional knowledge, wisdom, and expertise but they are under the great risk of COVID-19;
Chakma language is under great threat as elderly people are the main users;
Land grabbing and violations Land is grabbed by settler people;
Due to lockdown, cannot get media coverage and support from law enforcement authority;
Widow and destitute women loss their lands/belongings;
Relief/supports Getting limited support from GO/NGOs in lockdown periods;
Deprived from getting relief/loan;
Unequal distribution of relief;
Social sufferings Stigmatized for the infection of COVID-19;
Getting negligence to return from city in the community;
Inhuman sufferings in quarantine process;
No scope to go temple for prayer;
Political sufferings No scope to go outside during lockdown;
No freedom to take decision;
Political leaders pay no heed to our sufferings;

Source: field work