Table 6.
Factors associated with nasopharyngeal bacteria carriage among asymptomatic primary school children using bivariate and multivariate analysis at Debre Berhan town, North Shewa Ethiopia, February 1 to April 30, 2021
| Variables | Total (n/%) | Nasopharyngeal bacteria carriage | COR (95% CI) | P-value | AOR (95%CI) | P-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Yes (n/%) | No (n/%) | ||||||
| Sex | |||||||
| Male | 186 (48.4) | 63 (33.9) | 123 (66.1) | 1.05 (0.69–1.60) | 0.829 | – | |
| Female | 198 (51.6) | 65 (32.8) | 133 (67.2) | 1 | |||
| Age | |||||||
| 7–10 | 153 (39.8) | 58 (37.9) | 95 (62.1) | 1.40 (0.91–2.16) | 0.122 | 1.17 (0.53–2.60) | 0.696 |
| 11–14 | 231 (60.2) | 70 (30.3) | 161 (69.7) | 1 | 1 | ||
| Grade level | |||||||
| 1–4 | 198 (51.6) | 76 (38.4) | 122 (61.6) | 1.60 (1.05–2.47) | 0.031 | 1.67 (0.75–3.75) | 0.206 |
| 5–8 | 186 (48.4) | 52 (28.0) | 134 (72.0) | 1 | 1 | ||
| School type | |||||||
| Government | 257 (66.9) | 99 (38.5) | 158 (61.5) | 2.12 (1.30–3.44) | 0.002 | 1.37 (0.73–2.57) | 0.324 |
| Private | 127 (33.1) | 29 (22.8) | 98 (77.2) | 1 | 1 | ||
| Mother’s education | |||||||
| Unable to read and write | 44 (11.5) | 23 (52.3) | 21 (47.7) | 6.02 (2.10–17.3) | 0.010 | 4.1 (1.00–15.39) | 0.056 |
| Primary | 119 (31.0) | 45 (37.8) | 74 (62.2) | 3.35 (1.23–8.61) | 0.012 | 2.43 (0.77–7.64) | 0.129 |
| Secondary | 124 (32.3) | 36 (29.0) | 88 (71.0) | 2.25 (0.87–5.83) | 0.950 | 1.86 (0.60–5.57) | 0.281 |
| Diploma /certificate | 58 (15.1) | 18 (31.0) | 40 (69.0) | 2.47 (0.88–6.95) | 0.850 | 2.96 (0.90–9.75) | 0.073 |
| Degree and above | 39 (10.2) | 6 (15.4) | 33 (84.6) | 1 | 1 | ||
| Father’s education | |||||||
| Unable to read and write | 29 (7.6) | 18 (62.1) | 11 (37.9) | 4.77 (1.76–12.93) | 0.020 | 1.64 (0.44–6.13) | 0.466 |
| Primary | 135 (35.2) | 47 (34.8) | 88 (65.2) | 1.56 (0.74–3.28) | 0.244 | 0.82 (0.32–2.09) | 0.678 |
| Secondary | 98 (25.5) | 35 (35.7) | 63 (64.3) | 1.62 (0.75–3.52) | 0.222 | 0.89 (0.35–2.29) | 0.819 |
| Diploma/certificate | 75 (19.5) | 16 (21.3) | 59 (78.7) | 0.79 (0.34–1.86) | 0.592 | 0.56 (0.21–1.49) | 0.250 |
| Degree and above | 47 (12.2) | 12 (25.5) | 35 (74.5) | 1 | 1 | ||
| Average monthly income | – | ||||||
| < 500 birrs | 19 (4.9) | 9 (47.4) | 10 (52.6) | 2.22 (0.84–5.89) | 0.107 | 1.28 (0.35–4.57) | 0.706 |
| 501–1000 birr | 47 (12.2) | 19 (40.4) | 28 (59.6) | 1.68 (0.84–3.34) | 0.140 | 1.85 (0.78–4.34) | 0.159 |
| 1001–1500 birr | 179 (46.6) | 60 (33.5) | 119 (66.5) | 1.25 (0.77–2.02) | 0.367 | 1.30 (0.74–2.31) | 0.364 |
| > 1501 birr | 139 (36.2) | 40 (28.8) | 99 (71.2) | 1 | 1 | ||
| Mother’s occupational status | |||||||
| Government | 112 (29.2) | 27 (24.1) | 85 (75.9) | 1 | 1 | ||
| Merchant | 108 (28.1) | 39 (36.1) | 69 (63.9) | 1.78 (0.99–3.19) | 0.053 | 1.57 (0.76–3.26) | 0.217 |
| Housewife | 104 (27.1) | 40 (38.5) | 64 (61.5) | 1.97 (1.09–3.54) | 0.024 | 1.10 (0.52–2.34) | 0.794 |
| Daily labor | 52 (13.5) | 20 (38.5) | 32 (61.5) | 1.97 (0.97–3.99) | 0.061 | 0.94 (0.39–2.40) | 0.898 |
| Father’s occupational status | |||||||
| Government | 185 (48.2) | 49 (26.5) | 136 (73.5) | 1 | 1 | ||
| Merchant | 110 (28.6) | 44 (40.0) | 66 (60.0) | 1.85 (1.12–3.06) | 0.016 | 1.13 (0.58–2.18) | 0.710 |
| Farmer | 16 (4.2) | 8 (50.0) | 8 (50.0) | 2.70 (0.99–7.79) | 0.053 | 1.45 (0.39–5.38) | 0.574 |
| Daily labor | 67 (17.4) | 25 (37.3) | 42 (62.7) | 1.65 (0.91–2.99) | 0.097 | 0.71 (0.32–1.61) | 0.418 |
| Others | 6 (1.6) | 2 (33.3) | 4 (66.7) | 1.38 (0.25–7.82) | 0.710 | 0.82 (0.10–6.86) | 0.862 |
| No of room in the house | |||||||
| < 2 | 259 (67.4) | 99 (38.2) | 160 (61.8) | 6.49 (1.49–28.3) | 0.013 | 5.88 (1.26–27.57) | 0.024** |
| 3–4 | 102 (26.6) | 27 (26.5) | 75 (73.5) | 3.78 (0.83–17.21) | 0.086 | 2.79 (0.56–13.98) | 0.211 |
| > 5 | 23 (6.0) | 2 (8.7) | 21 (91.3) | 1 | 1 | ||
| Family size | |||||||
| < 5 | 262 (68.2) | 74 (28.2) | 188 (71.8) | 1 | 1 | ||
| > 5 | 122 (31.8) | 54 (44.3) | 68 (55.7) | 2.02 (1.29–3.15) | 0.002 | 2.17 (1.24–3.81) | 0.006** |
| Bed-sharing | |||||||
| No | 245 (63.8) | 67 (27.3) | 178 (72.7) | 1 | 1 | ||
| Yes | 139 (36.2) | 61 (43.9) | 78 (56.1) | 2.08 (1.34–3.22) | 0.010 | 1.54 (0.90–2.65) | 0.113 |
| No of students in class | |||||||
| ≤ 25 | 221 (57.6) | 53 (24.0) | 168 (76.0) | 1 | 1 | ||
| > 25 | 163 (42.4) | 75 (46.0) | 88 (54.0) | 2.70 (1.75–4.18) | p ≤ 0.01 | 2.35 (1.37–4.02) | 0.002** |
| Food cooking tools in house | – | ||||||
| Electricity | 254 (66.4) | 84 (33.1) | 170 (66.9) | 1 | |||
| Wood and charcoal | 101 (26.3) | 37 (36.6) | 64 (63.4) | 1.17 (0.72–1.89) | 0.523 | ||
| Kerosine | 29 (7.6) | 7 (24.1) | 22 (75.9) | 0.64 (0.26–1.57) | 0.332 | ||
| Passive smoking | |||||||
| No | 365 (95.1) | 115 (31.5) | 250 (68.5) | 1 | 1 | ||
| Yes | 19 (4.9) | 13 (68.4) | 6 (31.6) | 4.71 (1.75–12.70) | 0.020 | 4.87 (1.49–15.97) | 0.009** |
| History of hospitalization | |||||||
| No | 358 (93.2) | 111 (31.0) | 247 (69.0) | 1 | 1 | ||
| Yes | 26 (6.8) | 17 (65.4) | 9 (34.6) | 4.20 (1.82–9.72) | 0.010 | 4.08 (1.45–11.53) | 0.008** |
AOR adjusted odds ratio, CI confidence interval, COR crude odds ratio, Ref reference
**Significant at p < 0.05