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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2023 Oct 1.
Published in final edited form as: Psychol Trauma. 2022 Apr 28;15(7):1067–1075. doi: 10.1037/tra0001228

Table 2.

Differences in Trauma-Related Distress and Symptoms by Immigration Legal Status

Total
Undocumented DACA
Undocumented non-DACA
Documented
Factor N % or M SD n % or M SD n % or M SD n % or M SD p

Sample size 233 100.0 74 31.8 48 20.6 111 47.6
Trauma-related distress
 Cutoff < 33 138 59.2 27 36.5 34 70.8 77 69.4
 Cutoff ≥ 33a 95 40.8 47 63.5 14 29.2 34 30.6 <.001
 Cutoff ≥ 37b 83 35.6 43 58.1 13 27.1 27 24.3 <.001
Trauma-related symptoms
 Intrusion 233 1.40 1.08 74 2.01 0.12 48 1.07 0.14 111 1.13 0.09 <.001
 Avoidance 233 1.42 1.04 74 1.94 0.11 48 1.09 0.14 111 1.21 0.09 <.001
 Hyperarousal 233 1.15 1.06 74 1.57 0.12 48 0.92 0.15 111 0.97 0.10 .002

Note. DACA = Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals.

a

Denotes IES scores using a conservative cutoff ≥ 33 to denote clinically significant trauma-related symptoms.

b

Denotes IES scores using a cutoff ≥ 37, which denotes trauma-related symptoms known to be associated with a high suppression of the immune system.