Table 3.

The intestinal bacteria associated with CRC.

Bacterium	Phylum	Function	Study method	Mechanism	Reference
F. nucleatum	Fusobacteria	Cancer promotion	qPCR Metagenomic sequencing	Inflammation response Immune response Cell proliferation Regulation of cell metabolism	(Rubinstein et al., 2013; Yu et al., 2017; Yang et al., 2017; Rubinstein et al., 2019; Kong et al., 2021)
P. anaerobius	Firmicutes	Cancer promotion	Metagenome sequencing Metagenomic sequencing 16S rDNA sequencing	Immune response cell proliferation	(Tsoi et al., 2017; Long et al., 2019)
E. coli	Proteobacteria	Cancer promotion	MPCR	DNA damage	(Cuevas-Ramos et al., 2010; Gagnière et al., 2017)
ETBF	Bacteroidetes	Cancer promotion	qRT-PCR	Inflammation response Immune response Cell proliferation	(Wu et al., 2003; Chung et al., 2018; Hwang et al., 2020)
A. muciniphila	verrucomircrobia	Cancer Inhibition	16S rDNA Gene Sequencing	Immune response	(Howe et al., 2018; Wang et al., 2020)
L. rhamnosus	Firmicutes	Cancer Inhibition	RT-PCR	Immune response	(Owens et al., 2021)
B. breve	Actinobacteria	Cancer Inhibition	qPCR	Immune response Protection of the intestinal barrier	(Yoon et al., 2021)