Fig. 4.

COVID-19 bacterial co-infection confers greater increased risk for in-hospital mortality, mechanical ventilation, and ICU admission than previously identified COVID-19 severity risk factors. Multivariable logistic regression models show confirmed COVID-19 co-infection is the greatest contributor to increased likelihood of in-hospital mortality (red), mechanical ventilation (green), and ICU admission (dark gray). Model variables included culture status within 48-h of admission (reference*: no 48-h blood culture), age ≥ 65 (reference*: age < 65), male sex (reference*: female sex), 24-h post-admission SIRS score ≥ 2 (reference*: 24-h post-admission SIRS score < 2), diabetic history, COPD history, heart failure or MI history, renal disease history (reference*: no pre-admission history of respective comorbidity). For model details see Additional file 1: eTables 2–4. Reference*, reference not shown; SIRS, severe inflammatory response syndrome score; MI, myocardial infarction; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; UAB, University of Alabama at Birmingham cohort; OLHS, Ochsner Louisiana State University Health—Shreveport cohort