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. 2023 Jan 23;13:1247. doi: 10.1038/s41598-023-28259-y

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Heatmap depicting GSVA endotype signature enrichment scores and endotype classification COVID-19 patients. (a) Endotype classification of early sampled patients. (b) Endotype classification of late sampled patients. Endotype enrichment scores are indicated in the bottom five rows in each subfigure with red blocks indicating positive enrichment. Various metrics are indicated in the top five bars in each subgraph including endotype assignment, patient severity (as assessed by respiratory support requirement at sampling), impending mortality, and ICU admission, as well as Early (top subfigure) or Late (bottom subfigure) sampling. In both the early and late groups, the NPS endotype displayed the worst patient severity and highest mortality rates.