Table 2.

Reported pharmacological activities of Solanum nigrum L. useful in COVID-19

Sr. no	Activity	Plant part	Extract	Conc/Dose	Model	Effect	Reference
1	Anti-inflammatory	Berries	MeOH	125, 250 and 375 mg/kg	Carrageenan induced rat paw edema	23.45% reduction in edema caused by carrageenan after 3 h	[65]
2		Berries	EtOH	100–300 mg/kg	Carrageenan induced rat paw edema	63% inhibition at the highest dose of 300 mg//kg	[66]
3		Fruits	EtOH	125–1000 mg/ml	TPA inflammation induction model using RAW264.7 cells	79.8% inhibition of NO production	[67]
4		Whole plant	MeOH	100 and 200 mg/kg	Carrageenan induced rat paw edema	44.81% inhibition in albino rats at the maximum dose	[68]
5		Whole plant	EtOH	100 and 200 mg/kg	Carrageenan induced rat paw edema	100 and 200 mg/kg exhibited 40.36% and 68.46% inhibition respectively	[69]
6		Berries	MeOH	2.5, 5, 10, 20, 40, 50 µM	LPS-induced model	IC50 11.33 to 49.35 mM	[70]
7	Antiviral Activity	Whole plant	MeOH	100 μg/μl	Huh-7 cell lines	Methanolic extract of S. nigrum shows 37% inhibition	[37]
		Seeds	Chloroform			Chloroform extract shows 50% inhibition of HCV
8		Aerial parts	Aqueous	100 μg/μl	Human T-cell line	32.6% inhibition in HIV-PR	[36]
						17.4% inhibition against HIV-1 RT
9	Immunomodulation	Whole plant	EtOH	90, 180, and 360 mg/kg	ELISA Method: IFN-α and IL-4 assay	Significant increase in the CD4+ and decrease in the percentage of CD8+ T lymphocyte	[71]
10		Whole plant	Aqueous	50, 100, and 200 mg/kg	H22 cell lines	IL-2 and IFN-γ levels increased significantly in H22 bearing mice	[72]
11		Dried stems	Aqueous	200 μg/ml	ELISA, Flow cytometry	Increase in the CD4+/CD8+ lymphocyte ratio as well as the immune organ indexes	[73]

MeOH Methanol, EtOH Ethanol