TABLE 1.
Experiments on the anti-inflammatory mechanism of rhein in diabetes mellitus.
| Authors | Experimental model | Experimental method | Signaling molecules involved (rhein group) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Ji et al. | Obesity model of immature female rats induced by high fructose diet | HE staining, Tunel assay, Western blot, Cell culture, Oil red staining, Flow cytometry, Immunofluorescence assay | IL-6↓, IL-1β↓, TNF-α↓, ROS↓, MDA↓, SOD↑ |
| Duan et al. | High glucose induced MsC | MTS, ELISA, RT-PCR | TGF-β1↓, MCP-1↓ |
| Lin et al. | high-fat diet and STZ induced diabetic mice | Western blot, Nile red staining | TNF-a↓, IL-6↓, ERK1/2↓, SREBP-1c↓, SOD↑, GSH-Px↑ |
| Malaguti et al. | NOD mice | Total RNA extraction, RT-PCR, ELISA, HPLC | IL-1β↓, IL12↓, IFN-γ↓, TNF-α↓ |
| Lin et al. | KK/HlJ mice | urinary albumin, Measurement of laboratory parameters in serum, Western blot, antioxidant activity, Histological and immunohistochemical analysis | ACR↓, blood glucose↓, creatinine↓, urea↓, SOD↑, GSH-px↑, MDA↓ |
| Wei et al. | RHL-treated KK/HlJ mice | Hepatic lipid analysis, Western blot | TNF-a↓, IL-6↓, NF-κB↓, MDA↓, SOD↑, GSH-px↑ |
| Zhang et al. | human mesangial cells | MTT measurement, ELISA Immunohistochemistry | TGF-β1↓, Wnt↓, ß-catenin↓ |
| Duan et al. | the rats’mesangial cell (MsC) induced by high glucose | Cell survival rate, RT-PCR, Western blot | p-JNK↓, Bcl-2↓, PPARγ↑ |
| Tobar et al. | DIO mice | Protein analysis by immunoblotting,Real-time PCR, Morphometry | TNF--α↓, IL-6↓, IL-1β↓, IKKβ↓, JNK↓, PTP1B↓, PTP1B↑ |
| Chueakula et al. | high-fat diet mice | Determinations of renal function, Determination of renal Oat3 function and expression, Determination of MDA level in renal cortex, Histopathological studies, OGTT, Tail-cuff BP measurement, Blood parameter analysis, western blot | NF-κB↓, IL-6↓, IFN-γ↓,TNF-αR1↓, Nrf2↓, Oat3↑, MDA↓, PKCα↓, HO-1↓, AT1R↓, SOD2↑ |
| Piovesan et al. | Type 2 DM participants with CKD | HOMA-IR, indexenzymatic and colorimetric method, Jaffe method, ELISA, immunoturbidimetric assay, immunofluorescence assay | TNF-α↓ |
| He et al. | type 2 diabetic rats induced by a high-fat diet and streptozotocin | Insulin tolerance testing, qRT-PCR, Western blot, Vascular reactivity experiments | IL-1β↓, TNF-a↓, IL-6↓, p-eNOS↑,iNOS↓,p-p65↓, p-IkBa↓, NLRP3↓, ASC↓, Caspase-1↓, AUC-ITT↓ |
| Tres et al. | Patients with T2DM | Luminex® Human Ultrasensitive magnetic bead panel, enzymatic and colorimetric method, immunoturbidimetric assay | HbA1c↓, TNF-α↓, IL-1β↓ |