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. 2022 Oct 7;3(2):100165. doi: 10.1016/j.xjidi.2022.100165

Table 5.

GO Enrichment and Pathway Analyses of Differentially Expressed Genes

GO Term Gene
Count
P-Value Genes
Biological process
Regulation of immune response 17 3.76E-12 ICAM1, IGLV1-44, IGKV5-2, NCR1, IGLV2-11, IGLV2-8, IGLV3-19, IGKV1-5, IGLV2-23,
IGKV4-1, KLRF1,TREM1, KIR2DL3, TREML1, IGLC2, KLRD1, and IGKV3-15
Receptor-mediated endocytosis 16 8.68E-11 LDLR, IGLV1-44, IGKV5-2, JCHAIN, SPARC, IGLV2-11,
IGLV2-8, IGLV3-19, CTTN, IGKV1-5, IGLV2-23, IGKV4-1,
IGLC2, LRP3, CD14, and IGKV3-15
Complement activation 11 4.37E-09 IGLV2-11, IGLV2-8, IGLV3-19, IGKV1-5, IGLV1-44, IGLV2-23, IGKV5-2, CLU, IGKV4-1, IGLC2, and IGKV3-15
Immune response 20 4.97E-09 IL18R1, TNF, IL18RAP, CXCL5, IGLV1-44, IGKV5-2, JCHAIN, FASLG, PF4, IGLV2-11, IGLV2-8, IGLV3-19, IGKV1-5, PPBP, FCAR, IGLV2-23, IGKV4-1, IL1B,
KIR2DL3, and IGKV3-15
Complement activation and classical pathway 11 1.56E-08 IGLV2-11, IGLV2-8, IGLV3-19, IGKV1-5, IGLV1-44, IGLV2-23, IGKV5-2, CLU, IGKV4-1, IGLC2, and IGKV3-15
Platelet activation 10 7.55E-07 VWF, GP6, F5, C6ORF25, PF4, GP1BA, ITGB3, TREML1,
CLEC1B, and GP9
Fc-γ receptor signaling pathway involved in phagocytosis 10 1.74E-06 IGLV2-11, IGLV2-8, IGLV3-19, IGKV1-5, IGLV1-44, IGLV2-23, IGKV5-2, IGKV4-1, IGLC2, and IGKV3-15
Platelet degranulation 9 3.36E-06 VWF, APP, F5, PPBP, CLU, PF4, SPARC, ITGB3, and ITGA2B
Blood coagulation 11 5.08E-06 PRKAR2B, VWF, GP6, F5, C6ORF25, PDGFC, GP1BA,
PDGFD, ITGB3, GP9, and PLAUR
FCERI signaling pathway 10 2.71E-05 IGLV2-11, IGLV2-8, IGLV3-19, IGKV1-5, IGLV1-44, IGLV2-23, IGKV5-2, IGKV4-1, IGLC2, and IGKV3-15
Positive regulation of nitric oxide biosynthetic process 6 3.54E-05 ICAM1, TNF, CLU, IL1B, PTX3, and KLF4
Proteolysis 14 0.000 NRIP3, IGLV1-44, IGKV5-2, ANPEP, MMP25, IGLV2-11,
IGKV1-5, IGLV3-19, IGLV2-8, F5,
IGLV2-23, IGKV4-1, IGLC2, and IGKV3-15
Inflammatory response 12 0.001 SDC1, TNF, IL18RAP, PPBP, CXCL5, ANXA1, IL1B, PF4,
PTX3, NLRP3, CD14, and MMP25
Antibacterial humoral response 5 0.001 APP, ADM, HIST2H2BE, HIST1H2BJ, and JCHAIN
Positive regulation of cell division 5 0.001 TAL1, PPBP, IL1B, PDGFC, and PDGFD
Innate immune response 12 0.001 APP, CLU, ANXA1, JCHAIN, PADI4, TREM1, PTX3,
NLRP3, IGLC2, TREML1, KLRD1, and CD14
ECM organization 8 0.002 ICAM1, VWF, APP, TNF, ITGB5, SPARC, ITGB3, and ITGA2B
Response to glucocorticoid 5 0.003 SDC1, TNF, ADM, SPARC, and ADAM9
Response to lipopolysaccharide 7 0.003 PPBP, ADM, CXCL5, FASLG, PF4, SPARC, and TRIB1
Positive regulation of chemokine biosynthetic process 3 0.003 EGR1, TNF, and IL1B
Negative regulation of extrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in absence of ligand 4 0.004 TNF, MCL1, IL1B, and PF4
Viral entry into host cell 5 0.005 ICAM1, LDLR, ITGB5, ANPEP, and ITGB3
Response to yeast 3 0.006 APP, ADM, and PTX3
Defense response to Gram-positive bacterium 5 0.007 APP, TNF, ADM, HIST2H2BE, and HIST1H2BJ
Negative regulation of gene expression 6 0.007 TNF, LDLR, GAS2L1, ZNF503, MYADM, and KLF4
Cell adhesion mediated by integrin 3 0.007 ICAM1, ITGB3, and ADAM9
Positive regulation of membrane protein ectodomain proteolysis 3 0.007 TNF, IL1B, and ADAM9
Positive regulation of IFN-γ production 4 0.008 IL18R1, TNF, IL1B, and CD14
Cell surface receptor signaling pathway 8 0.01 IL18RAP, ANXA1, GP1BA, TSPAN9, KLRF1, KLRD1,
CD14, and CLEC1B
Blood coagulation, intrinsic pathway 3 0.011 VWF, GP1BA, and GP9
Positive regulation of leukocyte chemotaxis 3 0.011 PPBP, CXCL5, and PF4
Integrin-mediated signaling pathway 5 0.011 C6ORF25, ITGB5, ITGB3, ADAM9, and ITGA2B
Platelet formation 3 0.012 TAL1, C6ORF25, and CLEC1B
Positive regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter 17 0.012 EGR1, NAMPT, TNF, EGR2, ABLIM3, PF4, MYBL1, NLRP3, AHR, TAL1, APP, SPX, BHLHA15, IL1B, MAML3, FOSL1, and KLF4
Cellular response to hydrogen peroxide 4 0.014 IL18RAP, ANXA1, PDGFD, and KLF4
Positive regulation of NF-kB import into the nucleus 3 0.014 IL18R1, TNF, and IL1B
Positive regulation of MAPK activity 4 0.015 TNF, PDE5A, PDGFC, and PDGFD
Positive regulation of smooth muscle cell proliferation 4 0.016 NAMPT, TNF, PDGFD, and ALOX12
Cellular response to lipopolysaccharide 5 0.017 ICAM1, TNF, NLRP3, CD14, and ADAM9
Regulation of gastric acid secretion 2 0.017 SGK1 and KCNQ1
Cell adhesion 10 0.02 ICAM1, VWF, APP, SCN1B, ITGB5, GP1BA, ITGB3, ADAM9, GP9, and ITGA2B
Leukocyte migration 5 0.022 ICAM1, GP6, ESAM, TREM1, and ITGB3
Regulation of cell proliferation 6 0.024 TAL1, SGK1, TNF, PPBP, ANXA1, and PF4
Establishment or maintenance of microtubule cytoskeleton polarity 2 0.026 KIF2C and LMNA
positive regulation of calcidiol 1-monooxygenase activity 2 0.026 TNF and IL1B
Positive regulation of phagocytosis 3 0.026 TNF, IL1B, and PTX3
Positive regulation of gene expression 7 0.028 TNF, LDLR, ID1, IL1B, PF4, KLF4, and ALOX12
Positive regulation of NF-kB transcription factor activity 5 0.03 ICAM1, TNF, CLU, IL1B, and NLRP3
Lipopolysaccharide-mediated signaling pathway 3 0.032 TNF, IL1B, and CD14
Sequestering of triglyceride 2 0.035 TNF and IL1B
IL-1 beta production 2 0.043 IL1B and NLRP3
Positive regulation of fever generation 2 0.043 TNF and IL1B
Cell matrix adhesion 4 0.044 ITGB5, ITGB3, ADAM9, and ITGA2B
TGFβ receptor signaling pathway 4 0.047 ID1, CLDN5, ITGB5, and ADAM9
Positive regulation of cysteine-type endopeptidase activity involved in apoptotic process 3 0.048 TNF, NLRP3, and ALOX12
Positive regulation of apoptotic process 7 0.049 TNF, ADM, CLU, FASLG, FOSL1, MELK, and DUSP6
Platelet aggregation 3 0.049 GP1BA, ITGB3, and ITGA2B
Cellular component
Plasma membrane 68 4.45E-09 SEPT5, IGLV1-44, LDLR, C6ORF25, CLDN5, FASLG,
IGKV1-12, TSPAN9, MMP25, GLDC, GP9, ATP2B1, PRKAR2B, CTTN, APP, GP6, HOMER3, IGLV2-23, ZNF185, DLG3, PDGFC, ESAM, FAM129B, KLRD1, KCNQ1, ICAM1, SGK1, IL18RAP, SLCO4A1, WLS, NCR1,
MYADM, PLAUR, IGLV2-11, IGKV1-5, SDC1, F5, COLQ,
IGKV4-1, TREM1, KIR2DL3, EMP1, MELK, CLEC1B,
ITGA2B, TNF, SCN1B, CALD1, IGKV5-2, ITGB5, GNG11,
ITGB3, C2ORF88, IGLV2-8, IGLV3-19, GP1BA, KLRF1,
IGKV3-15, IL18R1, ANXA1, SPARC, RAPH1, AQP10, FCAR, CPNE2, IGLC2, TREML1, and CD14
Extracellular region 34 1.16E-06 LTBP1, SCN1B, TNF, IGLV1-44, CXCL5, IGKV5-2, CLU, JCHAIN, FASLG, PF4, IGKV1-12, IGLV2-8, APP, IGLV3-19, IGLV2-23, IL1B, PDGFC, PDGFD, PTX3, IGKV3-15, ANXA1, SPARC, NLRP3, IGLV2-11, VWF, IGKV1-5, F5, ADM, FCAR, PPBP, IGKV4-1, TREM1, IGLC2, and CD14
Extracellular space 30 2.25E-06 NAMPT, TNF, CXCL5, FAM20C, CLU, JCHAIN, FASLG, PF4, ANPEP, APP, SPX, HIST1H2BJ, IL1B, DLG3, PDGFC, PDGFD, PTX3, ADAM9, ICAM1, ANXA1, SPARC, F5, PPBP, ADM, COLQ, HIST2H2BE, FRMD4B, IGLC2, CD14, and CMTM5
Platelet alpha granule lumen 7 6.55E-06 VWF, APP, F5, PPBP, CLU, PF4, and SPARC
Cell surface 17 1.34E-05 ICAM1, TNF, LDLR, CLU, ANXA1, ITGB5, SPARC, and ITGB3,
APP, SDC1, GP6, GP1BA, PDGFC, TREML1, INTU,
ITGA2B, and ADAM9
Extracellular exosome 44 4.28E-05 HIST1H2AC, NAMPT, CLU, FAM20C, CLDN5, JCHAIN,
FASLG, ITGB5, ANPEP, ITGB3, ATP2B1, PRKAR2B,
CTTN, APP, IGLV3-19, GP6, PGRMC1, IL1B, PDGFC,
ESAM, GP1BA, FAM129B, PDGFD, TUBA1A, TUBB1,
ADAM9, ICAM1, ANXA1, WLS, MYADM, PLAUR,
IGLV2-11, PDZK1IP1, VWF, IGKV1-5, SDC1, HIST2H2BE,
SH3BGRL2, CPNE2, IGLC2, CD14, XYLB, ALOX12, and
ITGA2B
Membrane raft 9 3.55E-04 ATP2B1, PRKAR2B, ICAM1, APP, TNF, SDPR, KCNQ1,
MYADM, and CD14
External side of the plasma membrane 9 4.43E-04 ICAM1, SDC1, TNF, LDLR, FASLG, ANPEP, IGLC2,
KLRD1, and ITGA2B
Focal adhesion 11 0.002 ICAM1, SDC1, CTTN, ZNF185, ANXA1, ITGB5, TSPAN9,
ITGB3, ADAM9, PLAUR, and ITGA2B
Blood microparticle 7 0.002 IGKV1-5, CLU, JCHAIN, IGKV4-1, IGLC2, IGKV3-15, and
ITGA2B
Platelet alpha granule membrane 3 0.005 SPARC, ITGB3, and ITGA2B
Platelet alpha granule 3 0.006 VWF, SPARC, and TREML1
Integral component of the plasma membrane 22 0.008 ICAM1, TNF, LDLR, SLCO4A1, FASLG, ANPEP, TSPAN9,
ITGB3, NCR1, AQP10, PLAUR, GP9, ATP2B1, APP, SDC1,
GP6, FCAR, GP1BA, KLRF1, KIR2DL3, CLEC1B, and ITGA2B
Phagocytic cup 3 0.011 TNF, PEAR1, and ANXA1
Clathrin-coated pit 4 0.011 APP, CTTN, LDLR, and LRP3
Anchored component of the external side of the plasma membrane 3 0.014 GGTA1P, GP1BA, and CD14
Basolateral plasma membrane 6 0.018 ATP2B1, LDLR, ANXA1, DLG3, KCNQ1, and ADAM9
Integrin complex 3 0.021 ITGB5, ITGB3, and ITGA2B
Receptor complex 5 0.022 APP, LDLR, ITGB5, ITGB3, and KLRD1
Dendritic shaft 3 0.029 PRKAR2B, APP, and DLG3
Cytoplasm 55 0.043 NAMPT, MCM10, ISG20, PRKAR2B, CTTN, APP,
HOMER3, SDPR, ZNF185, HIST1H2BJ, DLG3, PIWIL2,
PDGFC, FAM129B, TUBB1, KCNQ1, EGR1, SGK1, EGR2,
PADI4, UBE2C, NLRP3, AHR, SH2D2A, SDC1, ADM,
HIST2H2BE, FRMD4B, PPP1R15A, INTU, XYLB,
ALOX12, MCL1, ABLIM3, CLU, TRIB1, SPATS2, NCAPG,
RNF165, STRIP2, SKA3, GP1BA, HRASLS2, ANXA1,
LMNA, CDC20, SPARC, RAPH1, SH3BGRL2, GAS2L1,
CPNE2, RFX2, TREML1, KLF4, and DUSP6
Molecular function
Antigen binding 12 1.30E-09 IGLV2-11, IGLV2-8, IGLV3-19, IGKV1-5, IGLV1-44,
IGLV2-23, IGKV5-2, JCHAIN, IGKV4-1, KIR2DL3, IGLC2, and
IGKV3-15
Receptor activity 11 1.82E-05 ICAM1, IL18R1, GP6, IL18RAP, LDLR, ITGB5, ANPEP,
TREM1, ITGB3, KIR2DL3, and PLAUR
Serine-type endopeptidase activity 11 7.17E-05 IGLV2-11, IGLV2-8, IGLV3-19, IGKV1-5, F5, IGLV1-44,
IGLV2-23, IGKV5-2, IGKV4-1, IGLC2, and IGKV3-15
Virus receptor activity 5 0.003 ICAM1, LDLR, ITGB5, ANPEP, and ITGB3
Platelet-derived GF receptor binding 3 0.007 PDGFC, PDGFD, and ITGB3
Collagen binding 4 0.015 VWF, GP6, SPARC, and ADAM9
ECM binding 3 0.021 SPARC, ITGB3, and ITGA2B
IgA binding 2 0.026 FCAR and JCHAIN
Pathway
KEGG pathway
ECM‒receptor interaction 8 4.38E-05 VWF, SDC1, GP6, ITGB5, GP1BA, ITGB3, GP9, and ITGA2B
Hematopoietic cell lineage 8 4.38E-05 TNF, IL1B, ANPEP, GP1BA, ITGB3, CD14, GP9, and ITGA2B
African trypanosomiasis 4 0.006 ICAM1, TNF, IL1B, and FASLG
Pertussis 5 0.009 TNF, CXCL5, IL1B, NLRP3, and CD14
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy 5 0.011 TNF, LMNA, ITGB5, ITGB3, and ITGA2B
NK cell‒mediated cytotoxicity 6 0.011 ICAM1, TNF, FASLG, KIR2DL3, NCR1, and KLRD1
PI3K‒Akt signaling pathway 10 0.013 VWF, SGK1, MCL1, ITGB5, FASLG, GNG11, PDGFC,
PDGFD, ITGB3, and ITGA2B
Dilated cardiomyopathy 5 0.014 TNF, LMNA, ITGB5, ITGB3, and ITGA2B
Platelet activation 6 0.014 VWF, GP6, GP1BA, ITGB3, GP9, and ITGA2B
Malaria 4 0.017 ICAM1, SDC1, TNF, and IL1B
Cytokine‒cytokine receptor interaction 8 0.017 IL18R1, TNF, IL18RAP, PPBP, CXCL5, IL1B, FASLG, and PF4
Pathogenic E. coli infection 4 0.018 CTTN, TUBB1, TUBA1A, and CD14
Proteoglycans in cancer 7 0.023 SDC1, CTTN, TNF, ITGB5, FASLG, ITGB3, and PLAUR
Phagosome 6 0.025 FCAR, ITGB5, ITGB3, TUBB1, TUBA1A, and CD14
Inflammatory bowel disease 4 0.033 IL18R1, TNF, IL18RAP, and IL1B
Arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy 4 0.037 LMNA, ITGB5, ITGB3, and ITGA2B
Reactome pathway
Immunoregulatory interactions between a Lymphoid and a non-Lymphoid cell 17 2.07E-10 ICAM1, IGLV1-44, IGKV5-2, NCR1, IGLV2-11, IGLV2-8,
IGLV3-19, IGKV1-5, IGLV2-23, IGKV4-1, KLRF1, TREM1,
KIR2DL3, TREML1, IGLC2, KLRD1, and IGKV3-15
Scavenging of heme from plasma 11 4.03E-09 IGLV2-11, IGLV2-8, IGLV3-19, IGKV1-5, IGLV1-44,
IGLV2-23, IGKV5-2, JCHAIN, IGKV4-1, IGLC2, and IGKV3-15
CD22-mediated B-cell receptor regulation 10 2.14E-08 IGLV2-11, IGLV2-8, IGLV3-19, IGKV1-5, IGLV1-44,
IGLV2-23, IGKV5-2, IGKV4-1, IGLC2, and IGKV3-15
FCERI signaling 10 2.14E-08 IGLV2-11, IGLV2-8, IGLV3-19, IGKV1-5, IGLV1-44,
IGLV2-23, IGKV5-2, IGKV4-1, IGLC2, and IGKV3-15
Classical antibody-mediated complement activation 10 3.31E-08 IGLV2-11, IGLV2-8, IGLV3-19, IGKV1-5, IGLV1-44,
IGLV2-23, IGKV5-2, IGKV4-1, IGLC2, and IGKV3-15
Role of LAT2/NTAL/LAB on calcium mobilization 10 8.38E-08 IGLV2-11, IGLV2-8, IGLV3-19, IGKV1-5, IGLV1-44,
IGLV2-23, IGKV5-2, IGKV4-1, IGLC2, and IGKV3-15
FCGR activation 10 7.38E-08 IGLV2-11, IGLV2-8, IGLV3-19, IGKV1-5, IGLV1-44,
IGLV2-23, IGKV5-2, IGKV4-1, IGLC2, and IGKV3-15
Initial triggering of complement 10 1.36E-07 IGLV2-11, IGLV2-8, IGLV3-19, IGKV1-5, IGLV1-44,
IGLV2-23, IGKV5-2, IGKV4-1, IGLC2, and IGKV3-15
Role of phospholipids in phagocytosis 10 3.31E-07 IGLV2-11, IGLV2-8, IGLV3-19, IGKV1-5, IGLV1-44,
IGLV2-23, IGKV5-2, IGKV4-1, IGLC2, and IGKV3-15
FCERI-mediated Ca2+ mobilization 10 5.49E-07 IGLV2-11, IGLV2-8, IGLV3-19, IGKV1-5, IGLV1-44,
IGLV2-23, IGKV5-2, IGKV4-1, IGLC2, and IGKV3-15
FCERI-mediated MAPK activation 10 4.97E-07 IGLV2-11, IGLV2-8, IGLV3-19, IGKV1-5, IGLV1-44,
IGLV2-23, IGKV5-2, IGKV4-1, IGLC2, and IGKV3-15
Antigen activates B-cell receptor leading to the generation of second messengers 10 8.82E-07 IGLV2-11, IGLV2-8, IGLV3-19, IGKV1-5, IGLV1-44,
IGLV2-23, IGKV5-2, IGKV4-1, IGLC2, and IGKV3-15
Regulation of actin dynamics for phagocytic cup formation 10 6.50E-06 IGLV2-11, IGLV2-8, IGLV3-19, IGKV1-5, IGLV1-44,
IGLV2-23, IGKV5-2, IGKV4-1, IGLC2, and IGKV3-15
CERI-mediated NF-kB activation 10 2.18E-05 IGLV2-11, IGLV2-8, IGLV3-19, IGKV1-5, IGLV1-44,
IGLV2-23, IGKV5-2, IGKV4-1, IGLC2, and IGKV3-15
Platelet degranulation 9 1.01E-04 VWF, APP, F5, PPBP, CLU, PF4, SPARC, ITGB3, and ITGA2B
Platelet adhesion to exposed collagen 4 5.69E-04 VWF, GP6, GP1BA, and GP9
GP1b-IX-V activation signaling 3 0.005 VWF, GP1BA, and GP9
Mitotic prometaphase 6 0.007 SPC24, KIF2C, CDC20, AURKB, TUBB1, and TUBA1A
ECM proteoglycans 5 0.01 APP, ITGB5, SPARC, ITGB3, and ITGA2B
GRB2:SOS provides linkage to MAPK signaling for Integrins 3 0.012 SPC24, KIF2C, CDC20, AURKB, TUBB1, and TUBA1A
p130Cas linkage to MAPK signaling for integrins 3 0.012 VWF, ITGB3, and ITGA2B
Resolution of Sister Chromatid Cohesion 6 0.012 VWF, ITGB3, and ITGA2B
Integrin cell surface interactions 5 0.016 ICAM1, VWF, ITGB5, ITGB3, and ITGA2B
RHO GTPases Activate Formins 6 0.018 SPC24, KIF2C, CDC20, AURKB, UBE2C, TUBB1, and TUBA1A
Separation of Sister Chromatids 7 0.018 SPC24, KIF2C, CDC20, AURKB, TUBB1, and TUBA1A
Cell surface interactions at the vascular wall 4 0.023 GP6, ESAM, PF4, and TREM1
Intrinsic pathway of fibrin clot formation 3 0.025 PRKAR2B, TUBB1, TUBA1A, and NTU
Hedgehog 'off' state 4 0.025 VWF, GP1BA, and GP9
Integrin alpha IIb beta 3 signaling 3 0.027 VWF, ITGB3, and ITGA2B
Syndecan interactions 3 0.037 SDC1, ITGB5, and ITGB3

DEGs with a significant change between children with AD and healthy control children (cutoff FC ≥1.5 and FDR <0.05) were used for GO enrichment and pathway analyses using DAVID database. KEGG and Reactome pathway analyses were used to determine the pathways of DEGs between two groups.

Abbreviations: AD, atopic dermatitis; Akt, protein kinase B; Ca2+, calcium ion; DEG, differentially expressed gene; ECM, extracellular matrix; FC, fold change; FCERI, Fc-epsilon receptor; FDR, false discovery rate; GO, gene ontology; KEGG, Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes; MMP, matrix metalloproteinase; PI3K, phosphoinositide 3-kinase.