Table 5.

Phenotypic antimicrobial resistance profile of hospital-acquired infection organisms based on the systematically reviewed papers published from 2000 to 2020.

Pathogens	AMP	AMX	CEF	AZI	OXA	PEN	CLI	GEN	TET	CIP	VAN	CFL	ENF	CFR	CHL	ERY	KAN	RIF	MOX	CLO	CPH	IMI	STR	AMX-C
Gram-positive bacteria
aMRSA	(35)* (20) (40) (43)	(37) (35) (20) (40)	(38)	(42)	(42) (20) (40)	(42) (40)	(37) (20) (42)	(35, 42) (20)		(20) (37)		(35)	(20) (35)	(37)	(37)	(37) (35) (20) (46)	(37)
bMRSP				(42)	(42)	(42)	(42)	(42)	(42)	(42)
E. faecium	(43) (42)	(42)						(40)	(42) (43)	(42) (43)	(42)		(43)					(43)
E. faecalis	(43)							(40)	(43)	(43)			(43)			(43)		(43)
C. difficile																		(19)	(19)	(19)
Gram-negative bacteria
E. coli	(48) (31)		(48) (31)		(48)	(48)																		(50) (33)
A. baumannii		(39)							(39)	(28)		(28)	(28)									(19)		(28)
Salmonella spp.	(46) (47)	(46)	(46)					(46) (47)	(46) (47)						(46) (47)			(46)			(46)		(46) (43)	(46) (47)

AMP, Ampicillin; AMX, Amoxicillin; CEF, Cefoxitin; AMX-C, Amoxycillin-Clavulanic Acid; AZI, Azithromycin; OXA, Oxacillin; PEN, Penicillin; CLI, Clindamycin; GEN, Gentamicin; TET, Tetracycline; CIP, Ciprofloxacin; VAN, Vancomycin; LIN, Linezolid; CFL, Cephalexin; ENF, Enrofloxacin; CFR, Cefuroxime; CHL, Chloramphenicol; ERY, Erythromycin; KAN, Kanamycin; CHL, Chloramphenicol; STR, Streptomycin; RIF, Rifampin; IMI, Imipenem; MOX, Moxifloxacin; CLO, Clarithromycin; IMI, Imipenem; STR, Streptomycin.

^aMRSA, Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus.

^bMRSP, Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus pseudintermedius.

^*References in the brackets correspond to studies that have reported resistance to the antimicrobials.