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. 2023 Jan 9;13:1087418. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.1087418

Table 2.

Ordered logit estimation results.

Variable Estimate Std. error Value of p
Age categories 18–24 Base
25–34 0.0784 0.1481 0.597
35–44 −0.0866 0.1618 0.592
45–54 −0.1458 0.1607 0.364
55–61 −0.3737** 0.1719 0.030
62–69 −0.5379*** 0.1802 0.003
70–74 −0.8015*** 0.2073 0.000
>74 −0.7398*** 0.2138 0.001
Gender Male Base
Female −0.0740 0.0600 0.217
Education Less than high school Base
High school degree/GED 0.0022 0.1278 0.986
Some college/Associate degree 0.2769** 0.1312 0.035
Bachelor’s degree 0.2499* 0.1410 0.076
Graduate/Professional degree 0.3589** 0.1485 0.016
Household size 1 Base
2 0.0112 0.0946 0.906
3 0.1666 0.1106 0.132
4 0.2327** 0.1186 0.050
> 4 0.2688** 0.1245 0.031
Partnership status Married Base
Widowed 0.0429 0.1480 0.772
Divorced/Separated 0.1687 0.1035 0.103
Never married 0.0116 0.1070 0.913
Living with partner 0.0198 0.1340 0.882
Ethnicity White Base
Black, non-Hispanic 0.5194*** 0.0972 0.000
Other, non-Hispanic 0.3297** 0.1291 0.011
Hispanic 0.0668 0.0873 0.444
Income < $20,000 Base
$20,000–$29,999 −0.3686*** 0.1391 0.008
$30,000–$39,999 −0.4934*** 0.1303 0.000
$40,000–$49,999 −0.5460*** 0.1569 0.000
$50,000–$59,999 −0.6542*** 0.1432 0.000
$60,000–$74,999 −0.7622*** 0.1295 0.000
$75,000–$99,999 −0.7785*** 0.1285 0.000
$100,000–$149,999 −0.8847*** 0.1306 0.000
>$150,000 −1.1409*** 0.1479 0.000
Income volatility Roughly the same each month Base
Roughly the same most months, with some unusual high or low 0.3609*** 0.0670 0.000
Often varies quite a bit from 1 month to the next 0.7860*** 0.1215 0.000
Health status Poor Base
Fair −0.3157 0.2238 0.158
Good −0.6414*** 0.2176 0.003
Very good −0.8471*** 0.2193 0.000
Excellent −1.2815*** 0.2376 0.000
Housing status I own Base
I rent 0.3860*** 0.0785 0.000
I do not currently own or rent 0.0246 0.1297 0.850
Employment Self-employed Base
Work full-time 0.0672 0.1196 0.575
Work part-time 0.0322 0.1506 0.831
Homemaker −0.1283 0.1627 0.430
Full-time student 0.3410* 0.2008 0.089
Permanently sick, disabled, or unable to work 0.0509 0.1939 0.793
Unemployed or temporarily laid off 0.4895** 0.2040 0.016
Retired −0.3500** 0.1408 0.013
Saving habits Strongly disagree Base
Disagree −0.4104** 0.2006 0.041
Disagree slightly −0.5847*** 0.1955 0.003
Agree slightly −0.9976*** 0.1913 0.000
Agree −1.5094*** 0.1948 0.000
Strongly agree −2.1286*** 0.2011 0.000
Financial knowledge 1 to very low Base
2 −0.4245 0.3388 0.210
3 −0.0632 0.2740 0.817
4 −0.4242 0.2624 0.106
5 −0.7850*** 0.2625 0.003
6 −0.9867*** 0.2737 0.000
7 to very high −1.0340*** 0.3168 0.000

(*)10% significance level (**)5% significance level (***)1% significance level; se: estimate’s standard error. Own elaboration.