Table 2.
Examples of social media threats distinguished into three categories (content, algorithmic, network, attacks, and dynamics) and examples of cognitive phenomena that may exasperate them.
| Content based social media threats | Social media cognitive and socioemotional threats |
|---|---|
| Toxic content (Kozyreva et al., 2020) | Impulsivity (Lee et al., 2019) |
| Fake news/disinformation (de Cock Buning, 2018) | Fear of Missing Out (Alutaybi et al., 2019) |
| Bullying (Grigg, 2010; Mladenović et al., 2021) | Confirmation bias (Knobloch-Westerwick and Kleinman, 2012; Del Vicario et al., 2017) |
| Hate speech (Zimmerman et al., 2018) | Social reinforcement (Liu et al., 2018) |
| Stalking (Tartari, 2015) | Backfire effect (Bail et al., 2018) |
| Discrimination (Stoica et al., 2018) | Attention limit (Weng et al., 2012) |
| Radicalization (Johnson et al., 2016) | Emotional load (Kramer et al., 2014; Brady et al., 2017) |
| Smoke (Christakis and Fowler, 2008) | Anonymity (Urena et al., 2019) |
| Sexism/sexual harassment (Barak, 2005) | Depersonalization (Diener et al., 1980; Postmes and Spears, 1998) |
| Objectification (Ozimek et al., 2017) | Digital addiction (Kuss and Griffiths, 2011; Brand et al., 2014; Almourad et al., 2020) |
| Beauty stereotypes (Verrastro et al., 2020) | Lack of digital literacy (Whittaker and Kowalski, 2015; Xu et al., 2019) |
| Social media dynamics induced threats | Algorithmic social media threats |
| Filter bubbles (Bozdag and van den Hoven, 2015; Nikolov et al., 2015; Geschke et al., 2019) | Content diversity (Adomavicius et al., 2013) |
| Echo chambers (Gillani et al., 2018) | Misclassification (Stöcker and Preuss, 2020) |
| Digital wildfire Webb et al. (2016) | Algorithmic bias (Chen et al., 2020) |
| Malicious users (Zhou Y. et al., 2017) | |
| Gerrymandering (Stewart et al., 2019) |