. 2023 Jan 18;14:20417314221149882. doi: 10.1177/20417314221149882

Table 1.

Characteristics of gut-on-a-chip in different kinds of literature.

Structure	Flow rate	Cell type	Microorganism type	Mechanical strain	Characteristics
Upper microchannel, Porous membrane, Lower microchannel	30 μL/h, (40 μL/h)	Caco-2	Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG	10% strain, 0.15 Hz	Mimicking the intestinal peristalsis
	30 μL/h, (40 μL/h)	Caco-2	Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG	10% strain, 0.15 Hz	Co-culture with bacteria⁶⁵
	30 μL/h	Caco-2	N/A	10% strain, 0.15 Hz	Mimicking the intestinal peristalsis⁶⁷
	30 μL/h	Caco-2	N/A	10% strain, 0.15 Hz	Using direct current to measure the TEER values in the chip⁸⁴
	50 μL/h	Caco-2	Bifidobacterium adolescentis (DSM 20083), Eubacterium hallii (DSM 17630)	10% strain, 0.15 Hz	Oxygen Gradient
					Co-culture with the obligate anaerobic gut microbiome
					Computational simulation in COMSOL⁸⁵
	25 μL/h, 30 μL/h, 40 μL/h, 50 μL/h, 400 μL/h, 6000 μL/h	Caco-2	N/A	N/A	Containing four cell culture chambers and NC porous membrane⁸⁶
					Glass-based chip⁸⁷
					The embedded electrodes for measuring the TEER⁸⁸
					Using clinical IBD patient cells⁸⁹
					Introduction of a collagen scaffold and using gravity flow device⁸³
	50 μL/h	Caco-2	Faecal microbiome	5% strain, 0.15 Hz	Convoluted design of microchannels
					Using organoid-derived epithelial cells
					Computational simulation in COMSOL⁹⁰
	60 μL/h	Caco-2, HT-29 MTX	Synthetic biotic strain (SYN5183)	10% strain, 0.15 Hz	Analysis of effluent from compartments⁷³
	30 μL/h, (60 μL/h)	Caco-2	Coxsackievirus B1	10% strain, 0.15 Hz	Studying viral infections⁹¹
	50 μL/h, (200 μL/h)	Caco-2, HT-29, PBMCs, HUVECs	SARS-COV-2 strain 107	N/A	Introduction a variety of cells
	50 μL/h, (200 μL/h)	Caco-2, HT-29, PBMCs, HUVECs	SARS-COV-2 strain 107	N/A	Building a human intestinal SARS-CoV-2 infection model⁸⁰
Upper microchannel, Middle channel, Lower microchannel	Unknown	Caco-2	N/A	N/A	Allowing membrane-free co-culture
					Real-time imaging
					High throughput
					Measuring the TEER values
					Using interval rocker⁹²
Left microchannel, Middle channel, Right microchannel	21 μL/h	Caco-2 HUVECs	Lactiplantibacillus plantarum HY7715 probiotic, Bifidobacterium animalis spp. lactis HY8002 probiotic	N/A	Osmosis-driven fluidic flow
					Allowing membrane-free co-culture
					The embedded electrodes for measuring the TEER⁷⁹

COMSOL: A fluid simulation software; HUVECs: human umbilical vein endothelial cells; IBD: inflammatory bowel disease; PBMCs: peripheral blood mononuclear cells; TEER: trans-epithelial electrical resistance.

The flow rates, cell types, microorganism types and mechanical strains shown in the table can be adjusted independently according to the objective of the study.