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. 2023 Jan 9;14:1058665. doi: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.1058665

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Copyright © 2023 Chiariello, Valente, Pasquinelli, Baracca, Sgarbi, Solaini, Medici, Fantini, Poloni, Tognocchi, Arcaro, Galimberti, Franceschi, Capri, Salvioli and Conte.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Western blotting and immunofluorescence analyses of GDF15 in the frontal cortex. (A) Representative immunoblotting image of pro-GDF15, m-GDF15, and GAPDH in frontal cortex. Relative protein expression of (B) pro-GDF15, (C) m-GDF15, and (D) m-GDF15/pro-GDF15 ratio in frontal cortex from three non-demented adults (NDA), 11 non-demented old subjects (NDO), 11 AD patients (AD) and three centenarians (100+). (E) Immunoblotting image of pro-GDF15 and m-GDF15 in gray (GM) and white (WM) matter of frontal cortex from 3 NDO and 4 AD. Relative protein expression of (F) pro-GDF15, (G) m-GDF15 and (H) m-GDF15/pro-GDF15 in GM ad WM from 3 NDO and 4 AD. (I-Q) Fluorescence microscopy analysis in frontal cortex. (I) NeuN (green), (J) GDF15 (red), and (K) merge; nuclei (DAPI). Arrows indicate colocalization of GDF15 and NeuN signals. (L) GFAP (green), (M) GDF15 (red), and (N) merge; nuclei (DAPI). (O) TMEM119 (green), (P) GDF15 (red), and (Q) merge; nuclei (DAPI). The bars represent mean ± SE. Student’s t and one-way ANOVA tests with Bonferroni correction were applied. Western blotting quantification was performed using ImageJ software and normalized to GAPDH expression. ^*p < 0.05. ^**p < 0.01. ^***p < 0.001.