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. 2023 Jan 9;14:1058665. doi: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.1058665

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Copyright © 2023 Chiariello, Valente, Pasquinelli, Baracca, Sgarbi, Solaini, Medici, Fantini, Poloni, Tognocchi, Arcaro, Galimberti, Franceschi, Capri, Salvioli and Conte.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Western blotting analysis of GDF15 in different brain areas from 3 non-demented adults (NDA), 5 non-demented old subjects (NDO), and 4 AD patients (AD). (A) Representative immunoblotting image and (B) pro-GDF15, (C) m-GDF15, and (D) m-GDF15/pro-GDF15 ratio relative protein expression in hippocampus, (E–H) temporal cortex, and (I–L) cerebellum. The bars represent mean ± SE. Student’s t and one-way ANOVA tests with Bonferroni correction were applied for hippocampus and temporal cortex analyses. Kruskal–Wallis test and Bonferroni correction were applied for cerebellum analysis. Western blotting quantification was performed using ImageJ software and normalized to GAPDH expression. ^*p < 0.05. ^**p < 0.01.