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. 2023 Jan 9;14:1058665. doi: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.1058665

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Copyright © 2023 Chiariello, Valente, Pasquinelli, Baracca, Sgarbi, Solaini, Medici, Fantini, Poloni, Tognocchi, Arcaro, Galimberti, Franceschi, Capri, Salvioli and Conte.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Real-time RT-PCR analyses and ELISA in dermal fibroblasts (DFs) from three non-demented young subjects (ND, age range 25–34 years), 8 non-demented old subjects (ND, age range 73–78 years), and 3 AD patients (AD). (A) Relative GDF15 transcript level and (B) quantification by ELISA of GDF15 protein secreted in the culture medium. (C) Mitochondrial complex subunits (NDUFA9, SDHA, UQCRC2, COX4I1, ATP5PD) and (D) IL-6 relative transcript levels. The bars represent mean ± SE. Student’s t and one-way ANOVA tests with Bonferroni correction were applied for transcript-level analyses. Kruskal–Wallis test was applied for ELISA analysis [AD vs. ND (25–34 years) p = 0.067]. ^*p < 0.05. ^**p < 0.01.