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. 2023 Jan 9;14:1058665. doi: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.1058665

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Copyright © 2023 Chiariello, Valente, Pasquinelli, Baracca, Sgarbi, Solaini, Medici, Fantini, Poloni, Tognocchi, Arcaro, Galimberti, Franceschi, Capri, Salvioli and Conte.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Schematic representation of GDF15 expression in healthy or AD neurons. In healthy aging, functional mitochondria are associated with a low level of inflammatory cytokines, such as IL-6, and of the mature form of GDF15 (m-GDF15), and no stress response is activated; in AD neurons an impairment of OXPHOS subunits expression is associated to mitochondrial dysfunction leading to a stress response that is associated to an increase of IL-6 and m-GDF15 protein expression. The elevated level of m-GDF15 in AD brains could be interpreted as a part of a stress response aimed at counteracting inflammation and mitochondrial stress.