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. 2023 Jan 23:1–47. Online ahead of print. doi: 10.1007/s10639-022-11515-5

Fig. 3.

Fig. 3

Example of two counterfactual trajectories for student A, who begins primary education in 2004 and dropouts in 6th grade in 2009. Since students B and C (which also began education in 2004) graduate, or dropout in a higher grade and year, their counterfactual trajectories are calculated to the same grade and year of student A