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. 2023 Jan 23;21:20. doi: 10.1186/s12964-022-01017-9

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 1 — The biogenesis of miRNAs and their pathways to the target cell. a-d miRNA biogenesis starts in the nucleus. Pri-miRNA transcripts become pre-miRNA through the Drosha. Pre-miRNA is carried out of the nucleus through Exportin-5 into the cytoplasm. e-j MiRNA maturation is the elective loading of the functional strand of the small RNA duplex onto the RISC. miRISC induces the destruction of mRNA and translational inhibition via the interplay with the supplementary sequences in the 3′-UTR of target mRNA. k) MiRNAs are released in the extracellular environment or circulate through AGO2 protein, microvesicles, EXOs, high-density lipoprotein (HDL), and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) particles