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. 2023 Jan 23;21:20. doi: 10.1186/s12964-022-01017-9

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 6 — Traditional and new techniques of EXO purification. EXOs are classified into three main kinds associated with their location of source, density, expression of markers, and dimensions. Traditional techniques of EXO separation contain differential ultracentrifugation and size-exclusion chromatography. a Size-exclusion chromatography utilizes biofluids as a mobile state versus a porous static state to differentially elute molecules with a reverse speed relative to their dimension. b Differential ultracentrifugation depends on the isolation of EXO subpopulations through progressively higher speed rates. Polyethylene glycol (PEG)-based sedimentation uses a solution to ease a polymer-encapsulated vesicle collection in large amounts. c Immunoaffinity absorption utilizes antibodies targeted versus exosomal surface proteins to separate particular vesicle populations. The microfluidics (MF) method utilizes chips with particular antibody-interceded connections to capture EXOs effectively. d Ultrafiltration is associated with a filter of a particular pore size that forms a vesicle-rich filtrate particular to the favorable dimensions [164, 165]